Studies on Police Research

947

Mon, 16 Aug 2021 01:06:01 +0000

“The Metropolitan Police stopped Black people at a rate of 593 per 100,000 population, compared with 72.9 per 100,000 population for White people. This means that in this data Black people were 8 times more likely to be searched."

946

Mon, 16 Aug 2021 01:05:01 +0000

“Individuals from a Black, Asian and minority ethnic background were stopped at a rate 4.1 times higher than those who were from a White ethnic group.” & “… with the rate around 9.5 times higher for those identifying as Black or Black British compared to those who identify as White."

945

Mon, 16 Aug 2021 01:04:01 +0000

“Stereotyping was an issue for BAME women in the police, but it was also combined with a high degree of mockery and undermining of their position of authority in an organized and calculated way."

944

Mon, 16 Aug 2021 01:02:01 +0000

“Due to their negative encounter, they have educated their children on how to engage with the police. This produces negative images in each of their children’s mind of law enforcement, indirectly teaching them not to trust the police. This is a broken cycle within the African American community. A cycle that will continue unless there is change within law enforcement. “

943

Mon, 16 Aug 2021 01:01:51 +0000

“Findings from the study support previous research that has suggested that Black males are highly susceptible to racial battle fatigue and often internalize their emotions, thus causing further psychological harm to their ability to cope with daily stressors and trust members of law enforcement."

942

Mon, 16 Aug 2021 01:01:41 +0000

“The results of this study (Table 2) show that, overall, race is a decisive factor that has an effect on a police officer’s decision to initiate a frisk procedure on the suspect.The analyses show that Black suspects were 1.68 times more likely to be frisked by the police."

941

Mon, 16 Aug 2021 01:01:21 +0000

“Results of the analytic models indicate support for the hypothesis that Black citizens are searched for discretionary reasons at higher rates than other groups. This relationship, however, is partially mediated by citizen criminal history."

940

Mon, 16 Aug 2021 01:01:11 +0000

“In 2003, black suspects were stopped at a rate … 5.4 times greater than whites. By 2010, those stop ratios had risen to … 9.3… In 2010, the NYPD recorded nearly three stops for every 10 black New York City residents."

939

Mon, 16 Aug 2021 01:01:07 +0000

“Race-and-place profiling of Blacks was a department-wide phenomenon rather than behaviour of few police officers. In other words, Toronto police had done a reasonable job of ensuring that those recruited to the police do not display an overt racial bias, but unintentional and intentional forms of prejudice and discrimination still exist in police stops and are responsive to place."

938

Mon, 16 Aug 2021 01:01:05 +0000

“Black and Latinx population size, relative to Whites, is associated with the expected count of police-caused killing of Black and Latinx people.” & “we find no evidence that the metropolitan violent crime rate is associated with the expected count of people killed by the police."

937

Mon, 16 Aug 2021 01:01:03 +0000

“Exposure to fatal police violence during pregnancy, especially when the victim is Black, may play a role in population-level inequities in preterm delivery."

936

Mon, 16 Aug 2021 01:01:01 +0000

935

Wed, 04 Aug 2021 03:51:58 +0000

“Native American persons were stopped nearly 9 times as frequently as White persons, and Black persons were stopped over 5 times as frequently as White persons… If searched, White men were more likely to be found with a weapon than any other group."

934

Mon, 02 Aug 2021 03:51:58 +0000

933

Sun, 01 Aug 2021 03:50:58 +0000

“Police officers communicate with White and Black citi- zens in divergent ways. White men in our stimulus set experienced more friendly and respectful prosody than Black men."

932

Wed, 16 Jun 2021 03:50:58 +0000

“The average number of poor mental health days for Black respondents was higher in weeks when two high publicity racial violence incidents occurred."

931

Wed, 16 Jun 2021 03:49:58 +0000

“Physical force was less likely to be used against White people (2% of incidents) than against Black people (14%) or those who belonged to other minority groups (7%)"

930

Wed, 16 Jun 2021 03:48:58 +0000

“Black adolescents have lower education expectations when they anticipate discrimination.” & “Anticipated discrimination from the police was a stronger predictor of school expectations than discrimination emanating from the school."

929

Wed, 16 Jun 2021 03:47:58 +0000

“Empirical evidence that is supportive of the hypothesized training effect of reduced disparity in enforcement is, on the whole, spotty and weak at best.” & “We find then, little evidence of the reductions in racial and ethnic disparities that we hypothesized would follow if officers practiced the FIP strategies for managing their biases."

928

Wed, 16 Jun 2021 03:46:58 +0000

“Due to stereotypes associating their race with criminality, Black people were most concerned about being treated negatively by police while wearing a mask [for COVID] compared to other racial groups."

927

Wed, 16 Jun 2021 03:45:58 +0000

“Black and Hispanic individuals tend to be overrepresented among individuals shot and killed by police, in each state.” & “Black residents make up only 1.5% of Utah’s population, but comprise 9.3% of individuals shot and killed by police."

926

Wed, 16 Jun 2021 03:44:58 +0000

“Based on the data provided and the research methods used to measure the city’s driving population, African Americans are disproportionately the subject of traffic stops.” & “The [police] department’s diversity does not reflect that of the community."

925

Wed, 16 Jun 2021 03:43:58 +0000

924

Wed, 16 Jun 2021 03:42:58 +0000

“We find that stopped black and Hispanic pedestrians had about twice the odds of being frisked than white pedestrians who were equally likely to be carrying a weapon… Further, the risk-adjusted disparities are in fact greater than the raw disparities in frisk rates, a finding consistent with the fact that stopped whites are, on average, more likely to be carrying a weapon than stopped minorities."

923

Wed, 16 Jun 2021 03:41:58 +0000

“The colder a respondent felt toward ‘Blacks,’ the lower they rated the [BLM] movement… Racial resentment was very strongly and negatively associated with favorable views of BLM—the standardized coefficient … is easily the largest in the model."

922

Wed, 16 Jun 2021 03:40:58 +0000

“Firearms tend to be employed by people for self-protection when they are afraid or feel vulnerable.” & “For a one-unit increase in percent black police officers, the difference in the odds of firearm use between Black and White criminal offenders decreases by 78%."

921

Wed, 16 Jun 2021 03:39:58 +0000

“The pervasive police presence found in the emergency room of an area’s safety-net hospital does not occur in a primary care doctor’s office or in a suburban urgent care clinic. Poor people and racial minorities also have less choice about accessing emergency room care."

920

Wed, 16 Jun 2021 03:38:58 +0000

“While implicit bias training can help some officers, the little evidence we have indicates it only helps officers who come in already less inclined toward racism. Bias training isn’t effective on cops who are aware of and comfortable with their racial stereotypes."

919

Wed, 16 Jun 2021 03:37:58 +0000

“Law enforcement spokespeople frequently publish highly misleading or sometimes false information about the people they have killed… Police cited vague ‘medical emergencies’ without disclosing that officers had caused the emergencies."

918

Tue, 15 Jun 2021 03:37:58 +0000

Evaluations of protesters “were significantly more supportive when participants were exposed to news coverage with the debate frame than when participants were exposed to news coverage with the confrontation or riot frames. Debate-framed articles also increased the negative assessment of police behavior."

917

Mon, 14 Jun 2021 03:36:58 +0000

“States with more police killings of unarmed black people in 2013–2018 had higher Black–White PTB [preterm birth] disparities in 2018 compared to states with fewer killings… Police killings may have spillover effects, specifically by adversely affecting the mental health of Black people."

916

Fri, 05 Mar 2021 03:35:58 +0000

“Representation matters. Cities with majority-black city councils experience less assertive policing… White and black drivers alike are less likely to be searched after a traffic stop. While these differences affect both whites and blacks, they are more pronounced among black drivers."

915

Fri, 05 Mar 2021 03:34:58 +0000

914

Fri, 05 Mar 2021 03:24:58 +0000

“Youth were more likely to belong to the high PI-PTSS [Police-initiated post-traumatic stress symptomatology] class if they were stopped by the police three or more times, were Black, and were living below poverty or near poverty. These findings highlight the intersection of race, income, over-policing and mental health."

913

Fri, 05 Mar 2021 03:22:58 +0000

“Participants who reported more benevolent sexism thought the suspect was more feminine, but this association was only statistically significant when the suspect was White (vs. Black). Perceived femininity, in turn, predicted perceptions the suspect felt more pain and was less blameworthy for the [police brutality] situation."

912

Fri, 05 Mar 2021 03:21:58 +0000

“Our results suggest that among Black individuals, complaints about excessive use of force by police in the neighborhood are associated with increased odds of PTB [preterm birth], even after controlling for individual and community characteristics."

911

Fri, 05 Mar 2021 03:20:58 +0000

“The results show that being black or Latino is associated with being frisked and experiencing force – particularly non-weapon force."

910

Thu, 04 Mar 2021 03:21:57 +0000

“In a geographically diverse sample of BMSM [Black men who have sex with men]… police harassment was independently associated with an approximate 60% increase in the risk of distress. Further, police harassment perceived to be due to both racism and homophobia predicted even further elevations in risk of distress."

909

Thu, 04 Mar 2021 03:20:57 +0000

“We also find substantial differences in the behavior of female officers—both relative to male officers generally and within racial and ethnic groups— with the most substantial differences pertaining to use of force. The vast majority of gendered reductions stem from a reduced focus on arresting and using force against Black civilians."

908

Thu, 04 Mar 2021 03:19:57 +0000

“The estimated coefficient of CCI [Corruption Convictions Index] is positive and statistically significant in all estimations indicating that in corrupt states Blacks are killed by the police disproportionately. The magnitude of the effect is significant as well."

907

Thu, 04 Mar 2021 03:18:57 +0000

“When individuals stopped by the Strike Force on these occasions had money, it was typically seized by the officers… Most of these encounters had no relation to gang activity… [and] almost always involved a person of color."

906

Thu, 04 Mar 2021 03:18:47 +0000

“These patterns suggest a strong likelihood that racial/ethnic bias plays a role in traffic stop policies and practices in Minnesota. The same is true for the searches that result from these stops… It is fair to conclude that the problems that they suggest are not isolated to a handful of jurisdictions."

905

Thu, 04 Mar 2021 03:08:47 +0000

“Externally, the majority of [minority police officer] participants experienced hate crimes and incidents on duty because of the intersectionality of their police identity and personal identities. Internally, the majority of participants experienced bias and prejudice … because of … race, religion and gender."

904

Thu, 04 Mar 2021 03:07:47 +0000

“Although only 13% of the U.S. population is Black, respondents estimated, on average, that 56% of those who support ‘police reform’ were Black."

903

Thu, 04 Mar 2021 03:07:37 +0000

“Many teachers feel that the increasing links between policing and schooling will be most harmful to racially minoritized students… The mere presence of officers can stigmatize students and schools, and feed a culture of low expectations."

902

Thu, 04 Mar 2021 03:07:27 +0000

“New study finds ‘places with Black Lives Matter protests experience a 15% to 20% decrease in police homicides over the ensuing five years.’ Further, the effect ‘is most prominent when protests are large or frequent.'"

901

Sun, 07 Feb 2021 03:07:27 +0000

“Despite whether police officers’ racial attitudes, either explicit or implicit, are the primary cause, there is clear evidence of disparate policing outcomes for racial minorities. Just because the empirical literature may not prove whether these outcomes are primarily driven by officer level racial bias."

900

Sat, 06 Feb 2021 03:07:27 +0000

“Because there are inevitably unobserved factors that jointly influence the decisions to stop and use force, analyzing only stops introduces selection bias. Therefore, for the conclusions in Fryer (2019) to hold, there must be no racial bias in the decision to detain civilians — in other words, to deem these estimates credible, analysts must assume away racial bias in a study of racial bias."

899

Sat, 06 Feb 2021 03:06:27 +0000

“Based on information from more than two million 911 calls in two US cities, [Mark Hoekstra] concluded that white officers dispatched to Black neighbourhoods fired their guns five times as often as Black officers dispatched for similar calls to the same neighbourhoods."

898

Sat, 06 Feb 2021 03:05:27 +0000

“A majority of blacks and Hispanics—but just one-third of whites—believes that police provide ‘worse’ services to black and Hispanic neighborhoods… The majority of whites believe that police treat neighborhoods similarly."

897

Sat, 06 Feb 2021 03:04:27 +0000

“The committee stresses that the origins of policing in the United States are intimately interwoven with the nation’s history of racial prejudice. Although in recent decades police have often made a strong effort to address racially biased behaviors, wide disparities remain in the extent to which non-White people and White people are stopped or arrested by police. “

896

Sat, 06 Feb 2021 03:03:27 +0000

895

Fri, 05 Feb 2021 03:03:27 +0000

“Certainly it would be better if police were better trained, better supervised, and better equipped to serve the areas they patrol. But from our perspective, the focus on misbehavior is scapegoating. It insulates mainstream institutions—the police department, public officials, and the public—from blame for what we ask systems of policing to do on our behalf."

894

Thu, 04 Feb 2021 03:43:27 +0000

“As Blacks gain political momentum, they are better represented in police line ranks. Neither formal nor informal affirmative action policies had any effect.” & “As the representation of African Americans in manager and line positions approaches parity, there is a concomitant reduction in the disparity between Black and White drug arrest rates."

893

Thu, 04 Feb 2021 03:33:27 +0000

“Police violence against black women is underreported, under-documented, and under-highlighted. Black women are left with these questions: Who do I call to police the police? … How do we unlearn these stereotypes about Black women and ensure that their futures are not jeopardized by police violence?"

892

Thu, 04 Feb 2021 03:23:27 +0000

“The stories of many black men who are subject to seize and search are the stories of men who have had their spirits broken. They are afraid of the police. This is, in fact, its point. Seize and search, like torture-lite, demonstrates who is in charge, and the violent consequences of dissent."

891

Thu, 04 Feb 2021 03:13:27 +0000

“Historically there has always been a double standard in the way police officers are treated when they commit violence against Blacks. Officers are often excused while victims are often blamed for their own deaths… The list of Blacks being blamed for their deaths at the hands of police officers is extensive."

890

Thu, 04 Feb 2021 03:03:27 +0000

“These initial findings establish a set of ‘warning flags’ that signify undesirable policing outcomes that, at minimum, should result in further inquiry and investigation from those tasked with holding police accountable."

889

Wed, 03 Feb 2021 03:01:27 +0000

“Overall, the third and most important story the data tell is that police-reported driving while Black data underestimate the frequency with which police stop drivers of color."

888

Wed, 03 Feb 2021 03:00:27 +0000

“A mixed pattern of disparity where minority officers are disproportion- ately represented in formally documented complaints but appear to receive similar treatment as White officers in the subsequent decisions on allegation guilt and proscription of penalty."

887

Sat, 23 Jan 2021 03:00:26 +0000

“Controlling for numerous variables, the results reveal that African American officers are more likely to feel that they are criticized, more likely to believe that they are considered militant, and less likely to feel negative or depressed about police work."

886

Sat, 23 Jan 2021 03:00:25 +0000

“The study confirmed that police stops and identity checks in Paris are princi- pally based on the appearance of the person stopped, rather than on their behavior or actions. Persons perceived to be ethnic minorities were disproportionately stopped by the police… Blacks were overall six times more likely than Whites to be stopped by police”

885

Sat, 23 Jan 2021 03:00:24 +0000

“When exploring police attitudes about whether a goal of the police should be to reduce the public’s fear of crime, the results show that Black officers answered more positively than White officers."

884

Sat, 23 Jan 2021 03:00:23 +0000

“Whites (2%) were less likely than blacks (4%) or Hispanics (3%) to experience threats or use of force.” & “In 2018, blacks and Hispanics (5% each) were more likely than whites (2%) or persons of other races (2%) to experience at least one type of force during their most recent contact with police."

883

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:23 +0000

882

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:22 +0000

“Despite official policies to address implicit biases, both gender and racial stereotypes continue to impede Canada’s efforts to adequately address radicalization into, and disengagement from, extremist violence."

881

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:21 +0000

“Participants of Color perceived both over-, in terms of excessive use of force, and under-policing more strongly than Whites."

880

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:20 +0000

“The University of Chicago’s approach to improving its landscapes and making the university spaces legible and attractive to students and faculty have relied and continue to rely on tactics of racialised policing to sanitise the greater Hyde Park neighbourhood."

879

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:19 +0000

“The ‘high crime neighborhood’ language once again deceptively suggests that the police’s program of spatial confinement and control over minority neighborhoods is really about crime interdiction. However, decades of studies have shown that ‘high crime neighborhood’ is merely a proxy for poor minority neighborhood."

878

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:18 +0000

“Meticulous research has uncovered the insidious routes the legacies of slavery, Jim and Jane Crow, and segregation have taken to maintain White supremacist power, all while under the guise of being post-racial. Research has also revealed how police departments across the country have been enforcers of that hidden code."

877

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:17 +0000

876

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:16 +0000

“In 2018, Louisville’s Metro Government’s ‘Vision Russell’ initiative was able to leverage funding … to increase surveillance… This expanded police power … resulted in a sharp increase in public nuisance cases, with 84% of those in Louisville’s predominantly Black western half."

875

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:15 +0000

“In cities with relatively large Black populations, the returns to police manpower in reducing homicides and index crime arrests are smaller or non-existent for Black civilians, while Black civilians experience especially large increases in low-level or ‘quality of life’ arrests."

874

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:14 +0000

873

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:13 +0000

“White males were more likely than other demographic groups to blame the media for overstating police brutality and distorting the honorable nature of police.” & “While other demographic groups saw the riots and looting as exceptions to meaningful protests, the White males were more prone to seeing police brutality as exceptional."

872

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:12 +0000

“The mainstream media tacitly endorse the killing of the Black person by showing the killing cop’s elegant photographs in his official uniform, perhaps taken during his graduation from the police academy, alongside a mugshot of the victim."

871

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:11 +0000

“Analysis of the news further indicated that the discourses and statements of the demonstrators were not included. After Floyd’s death, there was no questioning of the functioning of the effectiveness of the trialing process. The aspect of violence was overemphasized. There was not much emphasis on police violence, the fairness of the trial or the racist approach faced by the blacks in society."

870

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:10 +0000

“This analysis not only reinforces the large-scale issue of police misconduct, but it reveals the disproportionate rate of police misconduct victimization among African Americans… 200 of the 301 acts discovered (66%) victimized African American exonerees, outweighing other races near two-fold."

869

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:09 +0000

“Systemic racism is evident at every stage of the system, from policing to prosecutorial decisions, pretrial release processes, sentencing, correctional discipline, and even reentry."

868

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:08 +0000

867

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:07 +0000

“There are significant racial disparities in all types of arrests, especially those involving bench warrants. Although the race gap declined, in 2019, there were still more than four Black people arrested for bench warrants for every White person."

866

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:06 +0000

“The use of tear gas as a crowd control measure during protests may possibly lead to or worsen respiratory problems, exaggerating the risk for COVID-19 infection. As mentioned, the active component of the tear gas is a chlorinated organic chemical which has the potential of causing inflammation and injury to the skin and airways."

865

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:05 +0000

Body-worn cameras “do not significantly change the disparity between the numbers of Black and White misdemeanor arrests. This finding may imply that BWC implementation is not an effective antidote for officers' explicit racial biases in law enforcement. It may support the supposition that racial disparities in policing result from officers' implicit biases or from institutionalized racism within policing practices."

864

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:04 +0000

“In short, the implication that there is a safe way for law enforcement to restrain using carotid manipulation, or traumatic manipulation of cerebral blood flow in any form, is simply false. Carotid compression contributes to potential neurologic sequelae via oxygen deprivation, embolic risk from mechanical vessel wall trauma, or arrhythmia. The possibility of devastating repercussions is too high to merit the use of neck restraints in any circumstance."

863

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:03 +0000

“Despite Black women having alcohol/drug use identified by prenatal care providers at similar rates to White women and entering treatment more than expected, Black newborns were four times more likely than White newborns to be reported to CPS at delivery. This contradicts the premise of Effective Treatment."

862

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:02 +0000

“Hospitals actively participate in reporting Black women who use drugs to police or welfare agencies. In contrast to private physicians who are less likely to test their patients—patients who are more likely to be white and affluent—hospitals engage in drug testing according to criteria that are more likely to capture Black women, such as lack of prenatal care”

861

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:01 +0000

“Participants discussed the impact of the killing on their children and the children’s subsequent reactions to law enforcement, which most often included fear, anger, and a yearning for accountability. The mistrust and fear of law enforcement were reportedly exacerbated by police actions subsequent to the killing, including invasive searches, threats toward caregivers, and lack of a proper investigation."

860

Fri, 22 Jan 2021 03:00:00 +0000

“Knowing that the victim was unarmed is a significant predictor of the likelihood that the victim was black. Other predictors of a police shooting victim being black were a higher proportion of black residents in the Census tract, a greater number of police officers per capita in the city, and a higher overall level of black-white residential segregation in the state."

859

Sun, 13 Dec 2020 20:40:03 +0000

“People of color who are mentally ill, or whose mental situation is unstable, are at greater risk of being subjected to police brutality.” & “Depending upon the racial identity of the suspect… police appear to forgo the medical modality in favor of criminal… modalities."

858

Thu, 10 Dec 2020 03:05:03 +0000

857

Thu, 10 Dec 2020 02:55:03 +0000

“Cities with police departments where whites are in the highest position of power have 40 percent more fatal officer-involved shootings than cities with blacks in power.” Results hold after controlling for crime rates and city racial makeup.

856

Thu, 10 Dec 2020 02:44:03 +0000

“Homicides were less likely to be solved in communities with higher proportions of minorities, for both minority and white victims.” & “Among African-American victims, homicide clearance was less likely during the years 2015–2017, compared to 10 years ago."

855

Thu, 10 Dec 2020 02:33:03 +0000

“Of course, the use of deadly force by police is sometimes justifiable. But when the triggering circumstances are ambiguous, Black people are far more likely to be killed by the police than white people.” & “Policing in the United States is in urgent need of reform."

854

Thu, 10 Dec 2020 01:58:03 +0000

“Minority … officers reported lower levels of psychological safety and attachment to the organization. Minority officers were also less likely to perceive they were treated fairly. “

853

Thu, 10 Dec 2020 01:47:03 +0000

“Officers are more likely to use the Taser on non-White and male suspects, controlling for level of resistance, call type, and other factors associated with the incident… Cases involving suspect flight indicate an even greater impact of race and gender on Taser use."

852

Thu, 10 Dec 2020 01:32:03 +0000

“The greater the proportion of Black residents in a block group, the more likely the police will also downgrade (or at least upgrade less) [their response to incidents] compared to other places… even when including violent crime rates."

851

Thu, 10 Dec 2020 01:26:03 +0000

“This study documents how nondelinquent youth, who live in high-crime areas, who are intimately involved in churches… and who generally like the police, experience law enforcement in urban neighborhoods and schools… sacrificed on the altar of public safety."

850

Thu, 10 Dec 2020 01:04:03 +0000

“It appears as though the infusion of Latino and African-American officers into the tradi- tional policing culture served to ‘unfreeze’ and change many of the pre-existing, less community-oriented attitudes held by non-minority officers."

849

Thu, 10 Dec 2020 00:51:03 +0000

“After recruiting a [most qualified] Black applicant in one job selection task, participants were more likely to express a preference for a White in a second, unrelated [police] job selection task… Moral credentials… reaffirm one’s self-image as a nonprejudiced person."

848

Wed, 02 Dec 2020 02:03:03 +0000

“Blacks were more willing to cooperate with the police compared to Whites… [W]hat this seems to indicate is that there is greater demand among African Americans for a local, collaborative partnership between the police and community."

847

Wed, 02 Dec 2020 01:52:03 +0000

“The policing intervention … was significantly associated with a reduction in the use of Philadelphia’s syringe exchange programs, especially among Black and male participants… This is especially worrisome because Black individuals are more likely … to contract HIV."

846

Wed, 02 Dec 2020 01:40:03 +0000

“Greater risk of client arrest and unauthorized confiscation of injection equipment reported by [syringe exchange programs] serving primarily people of color underscores a pernicious disparity… translate into elevated incidence of HIV infection in minority communities."

845

Tue, 01 Dec 2020 02:27:03 +0000

“Annual arrest rate for marijuana possession for Black individuals was… 3.5 times higher than the arrest rate for white individuals… The higher arrest… rates for Black individuals are not attributable to differences in rates of marijuana use.” (h/t @slarjy)

844

Tue, 01 Dec 2020 02:13:03 +0000

“Officers use force more often and at more severe levels only when interacting with citizens in neighborhoods with higher percentages of Black and Hispanic residents… and use more severe levels of force in those neighborhoods."

843

Tue, 24 Nov 2020 21:16:03 +0000

“Data clearly suggest that black Canadians are much more likely to be stopped and searched by the police than their Chinese and white counterparts.” & “White and Chinese respondents are more likely to view racial profiling tactics as a legitimate crime-fighting strategy."

842

Tue, 24 Nov 2020 20:48:03 +0000

“The significant statistical differences between the test group and the comparison group indicate that the [CRT] course is effective in teaching all police officers to be more aware of racism. White officers show the most dramatic differences."

841

Tue, 24 Nov 2020 17:57:03 +0000

“The relationship between grades and police contacts [for eighth graders] was significant for White teens, but not for Blacks, suggesting that high academic performance… does not protect Black teens from early contacts with law enforcement."

840

Tue, 24 Nov 2020 17:36:03 +0000

“Policing functions as a mechanism by which integration is reversed once Black residents move to historically White neighborhoods… The consequences of this policing may include fines, evictions, or informal pressure on tenants to leave."

839

Tue, 24 Nov 2020 17:27:03 +0000

“If the police agency ends up setting priorities and structuring activities in relation to stereotypical ideas of place, then policing can consolidate the character of unequal neighborhoods… [Policing strategies] … amplified racialized disparities in service provision."

838

Tue, 24 Nov 2020 17:16:03 +0000

“Specifically, in predominantly white and racially mixed areas, black drivers were stopped disproportionately to their representation in the driving population, as estimated through a random sample of not-at-fault drivers in two vehicle crashes."

837

Tue, 24 Nov 2020 16:37:03 +0000

“Dehumanizing language is effective at getting White citizens to be less supportive of national anthem protests, but only when the target of the dehumanization is Black… These effects do not persist when the dehumanized player is White."

836

Sat, 21 Nov 2020 21:40:03 +0000

[Sweden] “The underlying code of secrecy and the demands of unstinting loyalty effectively block critical and constructive voices from being heard. Consequently, … police misconduct in interactions with ethnic minority citizenry is allowed to be perpetuated."

835

Sat, 21 Nov 2020 21:16:32 +0000

“Neo-liberal gun politics situates guns as responsible tools for self-protection against (black) criminals in lieu of (absent) police… Neo-radical gun politics situate guns in terms of not only the state’s inability to protect, but also its propensity to violate."

834

Sat, 21 Nov 2020 20:17:38 +0000

“In Vermont, there is evidence that black and Hispanic drivers face disparate treatment by police as compared to white and, in some cases, Asian drivers… Vermont racial disparities in policing are wider than in more racially heterogeneous states."

833

Wed, 18 Nov 2020 17:12:20 +0000

"[Black students have] fear and persistent aversion of interactions with university police officers… Surprisingly, the participants expressed the most challenging experiences on campus at night when they were going to the library and trying to study for their classes."

832

Wed, 18 Nov 2020 16:54:00 +0000

“The significant [police data] effects appear to be intentional violation of Massachusetts state law mandating the reporting of race and ethnicity.” & “Race and ethnicity missingness is significantly more likely in agencies with higher proportions of Black … residents."

831

Wed, 18 Nov 2020 16:34:13 +0000

830

Wed, 18 Nov 2020 16:24:43 +0000

829

Mon, 16 Nov 2020 13:33:44 +0000

“Comparing nearly 8,000 police officers to millions of other IAT test-takers, researchers found alarming implicit and explicit bias among police…while Black people exhibited lower levels of bias, Black police displayed more pro-white/anti-Black bias than other Black people."

828

Sun, 15 Nov 2020 01:50:02 +0000

“Thus, taken together, change in blood pressure offers some qualified evidence that Black participants were more physiologically reactive to … images [of police violence] we presented, especially when they portrayed police force against Black targets."

827

Sun, 15 Nov 2020 01:30:25 +0000

On televised news, minorities “are presented in ways that appear to be more threatening, as well as being offenders of violent crimes. This both greatly over-represents them when compared to racial crime data and overrepresents the victimization of whites by blacks."

826

Sun, 15 Nov 2020 01:22:39 +0000

“Two background characteristics, race and educational attainment, exerted a significant effect on work-family conflict. Minority and better educated officers tended to have a lower level of WFC [work-family conflict] than their White and less-educated counterparts."

825

Wed, 11 Nov 2020 00:36:18 +0000

“Our findings suggest that neighborhoods with higher concentrations of immigrants enjoy lower robbery and homicide rates… Cities with higher representations of African American officers had lower neighborhood violent crime rates."

824

Wed, 11 Nov 2020 00:21:51 +0000

“We found… that high-risk Black girls were more likely to ‘get caught’ for their antisocial behavior, but were not more likely to actually engage in antisocial behavior as compared to their White counterparts."

823

Thu, 05 Nov 2020 21:30:42 +0000

“Many Black men feel wearing a mask is a bigger threat than the coronavirus… Black individuals also appear more likely to be targeted by police for simply wearing masks. In a heartbreaking calculus, many are choosing not to wear them at all."

822

Thu, 05 Nov 2020 21:24:29 +0000

“Analysis demonstrated, first, that Black officers were consistently rated more positively than both White and Asian officers” & “In sum, our findings offer some support for the idea that increasing the representativeness of UK policing, … will reap dividends."

821

Thu, 05 Nov 2020 21:06:28 +0000

“When one is confronted with the stark racial disparities in arrest… the cognitively simplest reaction is simply to ascribe to different groups different propensities for criminality… This misattribution… therefore need not inspire us to corrective action."

820

Tue, 27 Oct 2020 21:32:05 +0000

“White women and other race women are no more likely to receive a citation versus a warning compared to white men, but black women, Hispanic women, and other race men are all significantly more likely to receive a citations versus a warning compared to white men."

819

Sat, 24 Oct 2020 22:19:44 +0000

“Race disproportionality is not a ‘constant’, or a ‘given’, or something made inevitable by the conduct or circumstances of ethnic minority people, but something that can be reduced by police action without prejudice to policing or crime reduction."

818

Sat, 24 Oct 2020 21:48:27 +0000

“The rate of Black stops and searches in England per 1,000 stands at a staggering 128.8, with 16.9 for Whites and 39.7 for Asians… Blacks were stopped 150,000 times in England alone, 28,000 times in Wales and 104,000 times in London."

817

Sat, 24 Oct 2020 21:42:23 +0000

“SU [gang special unit] officers showed significantly more bias [in simulated shooting tasks] than patrol officers. In fact, SU officers showed levels of bias [in decision to shoot] that were comparable to untrained community members."

816

Sat, 24 Oct 2020 20:58:25 +0000

“While the officers acknowledged [joking] existed and that it was racial, officers perceived the joking as harmless and merely as part of the occupation; as a part of the typical policing experience.” & “The joking is contextualized as common, harmless, and explicable."

815

Wed, 21 Oct 2020 16:25:52 +0000

“Frequent reports and visualization of incidents of police violence directed toward black, Latino, and Native American communities may also have negative health consequences… Each police killing of an unarmed black male American worsened mental health among blacks."

814

Wed, 21 Oct 2020 16:14:27 +0000

“Federal… investigations concluded that the use of excessive lethal force was prevalent in some police departments along with patterns of civil rights violations… In 2017, these investigations of police departments were halted by the… Trump Administration."

813

Wed, 21 Oct 2020 15:30:43 +0000

Chicago’s “understanding of homicide evolved from Black bootleggers in the 1920s, to civil rights agitators in the 1960s, to gangs in the 1980s, and unemployed mentor-less Black youth in 2016."

812

Wed, 21 Oct 2020 15:13:28 +0000

“Black and Hispanic [school] girls who receive special education faced the greatest disparities, as they were six times more likely to be referred to law enforcement and seven times more likely to be arrested than White girls who receive special education."

811

Fri, 16 Oct 2020 16:29:58 +0000

“Even when controlling for relevant factors such as self-reported offence or drug use and alternative explanations, such as presence in the street, we can document that ethnicity still matters for explaining the probability of the most intrusive of these police powers” & “In fact, ethnicity seems to matter more than self-reported offending behaviour for explaining the probability of being stopped and searched."

810

Tue, 13 Oct 2020 02:08:41 +0000

“We found that Black Canadian and Indigenous people are more likely to be arrested for cannabis possession than White people.” & “The limited evidence available suggests that cannabis use varies little across racial groups in Canada."

809

Tue, 13 Oct 2020 01:58:11 +0000

“Black female victims were significantly more likely to be portrayed as ‘bad’ people… Stories about White… victims were significantly more likely… to describe the victim as preyed upon by a predator… [and] produce sympathetic overall narratives."

808

Tue, 13 Oct 2020 01:36:35 +0000

“Chicago PD has kept… a gang database since the 1980s… People can be added to the database at the discretion of Chicago police … who are not required to provide any evidence of gang affiliation or criminal activity… More than 95% are black or Latinx."

807

Tue, 13 Oct 2020 01:25:58 +0000

806

Tue, 13 Oct 2020 00:50:09 +0000

“There does not appear to be any evidence that increased BLM protest activity had an impact on … crime [or] officer assaults.” & “Increased protests decrease the number of fatal interactions of Black individuals with police in the subsequent month."

805

Wed, 07 Oct 2020 00:20:03 +0000

“Focusing first on high-crime areas, in majority black and majority Hispanic block groups … the increase in [police] stops in the week after a homicide is much greater than in all other block groups."

804

Tue, 06 Oct 2020 21:24:49 +0000

“Consistent with the racial-threat hypothesis, cities with a higher proportion of Black residents had a higher number of police-caused homicides.” & “Measures of minority representation [on police forces] had no significant influence on levels of police violence."

803

Tue, 06 Oct 2020 21:14:18 +0000

Found no impact of minority police representation on citizen complaints but a strong effect of police unions: “Percentage [of complaints] sustained for agencies authorizing collective bargaining … was 7%, compared to 15% among those not authorizing collective bargaining."

802

Sun, 04 Oct 2020 22:35:04 +0000

“Police in schools with predominately students of color are more likely to be focused on discipline, whereas police in schools with predominately White students are more likely to be a part of emergency response teams collaborating in moments of crisis."

801

Sun, 04 Oct 2020 22:05:59 +0000

800

Sun, 04 Oct 2020 19:42:40 +0000

“African American adolescents who lived in communities with more White residents became disillusioned with the police more quickly than African American adolescents who resided in more racially integrated or minority-populated communities."

799

Sun, 04 Oct 2020 19:33:24 +0000

“Racial bias in police use of lethal force appears to be a real and pronounced phenomenon with dire consequences… Bolstering this evidence is the finding that, in 10 known incidents of off-duty officers being fatally shot by on-duty officers, 9 … were Black or Hispanic."

798

Sun, 04 Oct 2020 19:21:10 +0000

"[Black] respondents noted that police were more apt to respond with violence when suspects inquired about the legality of their actions or directives… [and] believed that the widespread presumption of guilt… served as… justification for inappropriate police behavior."

797

Sun, 04 Oct 2020 19:06:03 +0000

“Individuals who are male, older, from the South, and maintain more conservative political views are more likely to support the use of force by the police… Racial resentment plays a strong role in predicting support for the use of force by police … among whites."

796

Sun, 04 Oct 2020 18:55:56 +0000

“We found a positive relationship between segregation and higher levels of [intraracial black homicide rates]… Our analysis revealed that areas of need—those with more extreme white-black residential segregation—displayed generally lower levels of community-policing."

795

Sun, 04 Oct 2020 18:45:12 +0000

“If… contestation raises the likelihood of police retaliation, then that is the fault of the police, not the civilian… Overreaction to contestation undermines… the civilians' right to be free from state interference [and] their right to participate in governance."

794

Sun, 04 Oct 2020 18:33:12 +0000

“Programs such as… broken-windows policing shift the object of policing from one of crime to identity, and state-sanctioned profiling helps to create a supposed dichotomy between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ blacks…notion that blackness is an identity of inherent guilt."

793

Sun, 04 Oct 2020 18:25:51 +0000

“Even if white and non-white citizens use drugs at the same rate… disproportionate contact with the police would predict that black citizens would be … arrested for drug crimes more often… To reduce racially disparate stops… change how neighborhoods are policed."

792

Sat, 03 Oct 2020 23:52:17 +0000

“There is not always a direct correlation between a ‘high-crirme area’ and actual high rates of crime. The term ‘high-crime area’ has become code for an urban area, and more specifically, an area with a predominately dense population of black and Latino families."

791

Sat, 03 Oct 2020 23:38:17 +0000

No relationship between suspect race and injury to police. “Thus, it seems rather unlikely that racial differences in how citizens view the police is relevant in explicating why police are more likely to use force against Black suspects."

790

Sat, 03 Oct 2020 23:16:17 +0000

789

Sat, 03 Oct 2020 22:59:54 +0000

“Minority youth experiences during police encounters are overwhelmingly negative… Further, youth experienced little in the way of service or protection… Minority youth-police encounters represented in these studies were dehumanizing and morally excluding."

788

Thu, 01 Oct 2020 13:40:44 +0000

“Aggressive policing can also adversely affect the mental health of those targeted and the larger community… Police killings of unarmed black Americans resulted in 55 million poor mental health days annually in the black American community."

787

Thu, 01 Oct 2020 13:27:54 +0000

“More specifically, greater minority representation in law enforcement does not appear to reduce disparities in traffic stops… members of racial/ethnic minority groups are more likely to be stopped when police perceive them as being ‘out of place.'"

786

Thu, 24 Sep 2020 20:31:29 +0000

“Black fatalities are over seven times as likely as white fatalities to have been of unarmed individuals. Hispanic Americans in comparison also have a significant chance of a fatal encounter with police while being unarmed.” (@DrKLG4Health)

785

Thu, 24 Sep 2020 20:11:01 +0000

“Police officers justify profiling, stopping, searching, and thus arresting African Americans disproportionately precisely because they are profiled, stopped, searched, and arrested disproportionately."

784

Thu, 24 Sep 2020 19:36:02 +0000

“Exposure to vicarious UTBP [unfair treatment by police] explained about 12% of the black-white disparity in WC [waist circumference] among women.” & “Our findings suggest there are collateral consequences for people of color … [from] proactive policing practices."

783

Thu, 24 Sep 2020 19:21:34 +0000

“Black respondents were much more likely (145%) to encounter involuntary police contact.” & “LGB respondents who reported more police contact were significantly more likely to be disadvantaged in relation to existing sexual and racial and economic disparities."

782

Tue, 22 Sep 2020 20:38:24 +0000

“Symbols of legitimacy or affluence are not sufficient to counter police suspicion [of middle class Black people], and some contexts may heighten it … Middle-class blacks stopped by the police ‘make a point of displaying middle-class status symbols in self-presentations.'"

781

Tue, 22 Sep 2020 20:19:16 +0000

In a review of 30+ papers, finds that “association of [police] contact with attitudes toward the police was estimated to be about three times larger than the race attitudes toward police association."

780

Tue, 22 Sep 2020 20:04:52 +0000

“The effect of being stopped or arrested on perceptions of the police does not differ among Blacks, Whites, and Latinos. In the base model, the effect of unsatisfactory treatment varies by race/ethnicity and is largest for Whites and smallest for Blacks."

779

Mon, 21 Sep 2020 17:42:58 +0000

“Victims killed in predominantly Black neighborhoods receive less news coverage than those killed in predominantly White neighborhoods… [and] were significantly less likely to be discussed as multidimensional humans… net of all controls."

778

Mon, 21 Sep 2020 17:28:57 +0000

“Analysis of traffic stop data across eight states concludes that about 30-40% of individual officers exhibit a relatively high propensity to stop black drivers, a figure that appears large compared to the ‘rotten apples’ hypothesis."

777

Thu, 17 Sep 2020 19:54:07 +0000

“This study did not find a significant influence of parental or neighbour socialisations on juvenile attitudes toward the police… Television and music did not significantly contribute to juveniles' perceptions of the police.” Instead, police-initiated contact and peers.

776

Thu, 17 Sep 2020 19:35:39 +0000

“Racism [is] a cognitive predisposition to associate particular ethnic groups with…particular types of crimes… Police in turn act on their dispositions in ways that are self-confirming. Thus, police cultural biases against minority groups tend to become self-fulfilling."

775

Thu, 17 Sep 2020 19:14:32 +0000

Police “deploy more officers to protests when the protests are against the police…Police at protests against them—especially Black-led demonstrations—tend to use more force… Explains why police…ignored the armed demonstrations against…public health orders."

774

Thu, 17 Sep 2020 19:07:53 +0000

“Whereas people in minority groups are stopped by police at a higher rate than whites, the hit rate (e.g. for possession of contraband…) for these groups is lower than it is for whites… Racial profiling is less successful at apprehending criminals than random searches."

773

Thu, 17 Sep 2020 18:53:51 +0000

"[Many] white people … seek to remedy systemic racism by prioritizing institutional change (defund the police) over individual change (stop calling the very police officers that you want to defund on Black and Brown people who are trying to enjoy public spaces)."

772

Thu, 17 Sep 2020 18:48:17 +0000

“The black homicide rate is positively associated with fear of crime, while the non-black homicide rate is not… black homicides inspire more fear of crime than non-black homicides… fear of crime can account for a sizable portion of… [incarceration] racial disparity."

771

Mon, 14 Sep 2020 16:00:50 +0000

"[Data] does not support the interpretation that differences in the severity of criminal conduct… alone can explain the substantial racial disparities… We believe that this evidence is consistent with racially disparate initial charging practices." (h/t @JulieMFaenza)

770

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 20:05:24 +0000

“Virtually every officer shares some responsibility for protecting [bad] officers. We should not expect kids to trust the police when officers lie and cover for fellow officers… Little contributes more to Black teens’ sense of powerlessness than this blue wall of silence."

769

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 19:23:30 +0000

“In 2013, black youth [in Michigan] were still six times more likely than white youth to be arrested for a violent crime and almost seven times more likely to be arrested for a property crime."

768

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 17:44:58 +0000

767

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 17:35:35 +0000

“A white job applicant with a criminal record was 3.4 times more likely to receive a call back from an employer than a black applicant with a criminal record… A white applicant with no criminal record was 2.4 times more likely… A considerable additional disadvantage."

766

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 17:28:38 +0000

“Nationally, African-American youth are still twice as likely to be arrested as white youth. Are youth of color committing more crime, thus resulting in a higher arrest rate? … There were few group differences between youth of color and white youth.” (@JoshRovner)

765

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 17:20:53 +0000

“Almost half of young Black boys have been arrested by age 23 compared to 30% of White boys.” & “Youth arrests reduce the likelihood of completing high school… [and] create barriers to admission into colleges.” & “A criminal history reduces the likelihood of getting a job”

764

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 17:07:14 +0000

“While African American youth are in relative terms exposed more frequently to police contacts, however, white as well as Latino youth may actually be more sensitive to police contacts when they are subjected to them."

763

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 16:51:49 +0000

“Black drivers were about three times as likely as white drivers … to be searched during a traffic stop.” & “Blacks and Hispanics were more likely than whites to experience the use or threat of force during contact with police."

762

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 16:40:42 +0000

“In Brownsville, Brooklyn, from 2006 to 2010, within a perimeter of about eight blocks, the New York [PD] made 52,000 stops, with less than 1 percent of stops resulting in an arrest… Young African American males overwhelmingly bore the brunt of these policies.” @CarlaShedd

761

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 16:24:40 +0000

“Compared to whites, minority respondents indicated that they received both a lower quality of decision making and a lower quality of treatment.” & “The actions of authorities with whom minority respondents dealt were less understandable to them."

760

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 16:11:56 +0000

759

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 16:03:15 +0000

“Procedural fairness, or treating people with respect and in an unbiased fashion, does not depend on crime rate fluctuations. Rather, it depends on the behavior of the police themselves… Need to acknowledge the basic dignity and rights of citizens."

758

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 15:45:19 +0000

“Research consistently shows that whites and minorities want the same thing from the police: fair treatment. Minorities' … perceived unfairness leads to… less deference to the law… and lower levels of cooperation."

757

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 15:00:36 +0000

756

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 14:33:53 +0000

“The NYPD has made significant gains in hiring minority male and female officers, but its success in promoting minorities and females appears to be marginal at best… there are too few minority male and female officers above the rank of sergeant."

755

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 01:26:11 +0000

“While only 30 percent of the OIS [officer-initiated stop] subjects were black… 90 percent of unarmed suspects were black or Hispanic, and every suspect shot as the result of an officer-initiated stop was found to be black or Hispanic. These proportions were of concern."

754

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 00:51:23 +0000

“Black drivers were overstopped by between 55% to 236%, depending on the measure… Black drivers were almost 4 times more likely to be searched subsequent to a stop than white drivers… White drivers were much more likely to be found with contraband that led to an arrest."

753

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 00:41:16 +0000

“The relationship, both real and imagined, between rap music and the drug trade [in Puerto Rico] served as a justification for the policing of low-income and Black youth and did so through the same logics of contagion and practices of containment.” - @marisollebron

752

Fri, 11 Sep 2020 00:25:08 +0000

“In short, where property values are higher, police kill more people. Where poor and non-white people coexist with wealthy or white people, police kill more people. The higher property values are, the more race and class matter."

751

Thu, 10 Sep 2020 22:13:11 +0000

“We … find that white [police] supervisors are less likely to nominate black officers [for awards] than white or Hispanic officers. These results control for officer characteristics, including experience, arrest record, and misconduct."

750

Thu, 10 Sep 2020 22:02:25 +0000

749

Mon, 31 Aug 2020 19:17:37 +0000

“Police search black motorists 3x more than white motorists. But (!), searches of black motorists don’t yield more contraband."

748

Mon, 31 Aug 2020 19:02:45 +0000

“In short, behavioral science research and actual policing data identify a statistically significant relationship showing that Blacks and Latinos are perceived and treated differently than Whites, by ordinary citizens and by police."

747

Mon, 31 Aug 2020 18:02:23 +0000

“21% of officers reporting that they believe officers in their department currently practice bias-based policing… 15% of officers… have witnessed such behaviors… A considerable percentage… believed bias-based policing was… a serious issue for their department."

746

Mon, 31 Aug 2020 17:49:34 +0000

“Because the Black community is subject to much greater police surveillance, they are also much more likely to be caught when they break the law than White people who engage in the same forms of criminal activity."

745

Mon, 31 Aug 2020 17:25:10 +0000

744

Mon, 31 Aug 2020 02:38:49 +0000

“The initial [police] recruit survey showed indications of racism… Many recruits’ expectations of the diversity training demonstrated an assumed association between racial minorities and crime.” No significant changes were observed in attitudes after 12 weeks of training.

743

Mon, 31 Aug 2020 02:26:47 +0000

“Conditional on the crime context of the neighborhood … perceptions of the danger posed by crime were higher in neighborhoods with greater numbers of race-ethnic minorities, in particular African–Americans and Latinos."

742

Sun, 30 Aug 2020 22:36:05 +0000

“African-American men … ages 20-34 experience police uses of force at a rate roughly 14 times their white peers. Black women in the same age range were about 10 times more likely to experience force than young white women and twice more likely… than young white men."

741

Sun, 30 Aug 2020 22:27:35 +0000

“The productivity of searches of Black drivers is lower than that of white drivers for all three hit rates… of particular interest, given racial stereotypes on drug trafficking, the white arrest-worthy hit rate is 25.6% compared to 19.7% for Black drivers."

740

Sun, 30 Aug 2020 22:04:25 +0000

“Self-identified Republicans but not Democrats perceive higher levels of violence when a disliked group is protesting."

739

Sun, 30 Aug 2020 22:00:30 +0000

“We find a relationship between local police-caused deaths of Black people and the probability of [BLM] protest… relationship between grievance and protest.” & “Localities with a more educated population and a larger local college enrollment have more protests."

738

Sun, 30 Aug 2020 21:48:35 +0000

“Racial prejudice and discrimination within the police workforce has been verified by the findings of industrial tribunals, research studies, and analyses of officers' experiences… Black people, for example, are thought to be … aggressive, lacking brainpower."

737

Sun, 30 Aug 2020 21:33:35 +0000

"[Black] officers in this study reported that they have often witnessed such racial profiling in their official capacities as law enforcers. Furthermore, many reported that they themselves have experienced biased policing when working undercover or while off duty."

736

Sun, 30 Aug 2020 20:36:29 +0000

“White officers were less likely to accept that black citizens might have understandable reasons to distrust the police and… generally did not try to reduce tensions in encounters with minority citizens… apt to take black citizens’ ill feelings as unjustified aggression”

735

Sun, 30 Aug 2020 20:26:44 +0000

“Public debate surrounding discriminatory policing tactics flares when… a prominent, respected black person alleges maltreatment, while it typically requires an especially horrific incident involving poorer blacks and the police to generate comparable… public outrage."

734

Sun, 30 Aug 2020 19:39:19 +0000

“In speeding stops, the most important influence on who is stopped is how fast you drive. In investigatory stops, the most important influence on who is stopped is not what you do but who you are: young black men are by far the most likely to be stopped."

733

Sun, 30 Aug 2020 19:33:33 +0000

“Where a higher percentage of crime involves a black offender and a white victim, blacks have a substantially higher likelihood of being arrested… Differential arrest of blacks… reflects the degree of criminal threat that blacks constitute for whites in that area."

732

Sun, 30 Aug 2020 19:18:40 +0000

731

Sun, 30 Aug 2020 19:11:55 +0000

Documents media’s criminalization of unarmed Black victims of police. “Simply regurgitating all information provided, most of which comes from the same law enforcement agencies involved in the altercations and could possibly contain an agenda, is no longer acceptable."

730

Wed, 26 Aug 2020 15:52:19 +0000

“Participants [Black boys] spoke extensively about altering their behaviors to demonstrate that they were not doing anything wrong especially around police, and enacting the strategies as advised by their parents and family… [but still feared] police harassment."

729

Wed, 26 Aug 2020 15:46:33 +0000

“Blacks are 37 times more likely to be the victim of a SWAT raid in Huntington, West Virginia, than their white counterparts. Blacks in Ogden, Utah, are 39 times more likely to be subjected to a SWAT raid and Blacks in Burlington, North Carolina, are 47 times more likely."

728

Wed, 26 Aug 2020 15:37:07 +0000

“Even though ‘race’ may overlap to a considerable degree with class and residential area, the survey data … show that … the experience of African Americans with police stops, frisks, and street interrogations cannot be explained by ‘class.'"

727

Wed, 26 Aug 2020 15:28:57 +0000

“To test the Minority Threat Hypothesis…” & “Counties with greater ethnic residential segregation are more likely to acquire MRAPs [mine-resistant ambush protected (MRAP) vehicles]. Increasing segregation is not limited to urban areas; it has spread to the suburbs."

726

Wed, 26 Aug 2020 15:07:40 +0000

“Accounts of… protests against policing violence… are often constructed in the mainstream media to be… disorganized frenzy, with looting, theft, and violence… at the hands of black people… failing to critically examine why protests… might rationally take place."

725

Wed, 26 Aug 2020 14:57:08 +0000

“The number of serving BME officers has been well below the number of minority ethnic people living in UK. BME officers comprise 5% of the police workforce. BME

724

Wed, 26 Aug 2020 14:51:08 +0000

“Reviews referred to the apparent preference of supervisors to refer the behaviour of ethnic minority officers to professional standards departments for formal investigation, whereas they would deal with white officers informally face-to-face."

723

Wed, 19 Aug 2020 16:21:10 +0000

“CoBRAS assess cognitive aspects of colorblind racial attitudes… Analyses showed no significant change between the [recruits'] first CoBRAS score (week one of [police academy] training) and the second score (week fourteen of training)."

722

Tue, 18 Aug 2020 00:38:47 +0000

“Respondents residing in a majority-Black, high-violence neighborhood were more likely than their coun- terparts in mixed-race or majority-White, lower-crime areas to experience both direct and vicarious harassment or mistreatment at the hands of police."

721

Tue, 18 Aug 2020 00:35:14 +0000

“A principal concern of this study was to determine African American officers’ perceptions regarding the occurrence of racial profiling within their agencies… Only 8.3% of males disagreed… All female respondents agreed that profiling occurs in their agency (100%)."

720

Tue, 18 Aug 2020 00:14:10 +0000

“It is clear that Black youth…were overrepresented in stops conducted by Toronto police.” & “The disproportionate stop-and-search rate of Black youth is not an appropriate response to a high crime rate among Black youth and does not represent…efficient police practices."

719

Mon, 17 Aug 2020 00:23:25 +0000

“New digitized surveillance practices broaden the scope of people law enforcement can track… The likelihood of being inputted into the system is… based on department crime statistics… [potentially reflecting] unequal enforcement… along lines of race [and] class."

718

Mon, 17 Aug 2020 00:12:32 +0000

“Racially biased perceptions of school staff can influence their observation, interpretation, and implementation of a school discipline protocol. … Researchers have extensively found that students of color are overrepresented in who and how schools choose to discipline."

717

Sun, 16 Aug 2020 23:56:57 +0000

“Students are now being… charged with crimes for behaviors that teachers and school administrators previously addressed… Studies have consistently found that these… discipline policies have a disproportionate effect on students of color and students with disabilities."

716

Sun, 16 Aug 2020 23:24:55 +0000

“Research on police officers and stereotype threat suggests that police officers with more confidence in their ability to command respect and handle volatile situations are less likely than…officers without such confidence to shoot noncompliant but unarmed Black suspects."

715

Sun, 16 Aug 2020 23:12:25 +0000

“British police have fatally shot only one person wielding a knife since 2008—a hostage-taker… US police have fatally shot more than 575 people allegedly wielding blades… since 2013. Racism helps explain why African Americans… are particularly vulnerable to police."

714

Sun, 16 Aug 2020 22:58:43 +0000

“The racially skewed exercise of police discretion ensures that the net of criminality is cast broadly for people of color and is… rather narrow for White Americans. This over-breath, in turn ensures that ‘checks’ for criminality structurally disadvantage people of color."

713

Sun, 16 Aug 2020 22:07:52 +0000

“Regression analyses for high school students [but not street youth] indicate that… among youth who engage in roughly similar types of behaviour, and similar levels of delinquency, black youth are stopped and searched more often than white youth."

712

Sat, 15 Aug 2020 18:34:02 +0000

"[On race, from the perspective of police officers,] they are not a problem—it is others seeing them as a problem that is a problem… Instead of focusing on the human relations aspect of their work… the officers ignored them. Evading the racial dynamics at play…"

711

Sat, 15 Aug 2020 18:18:36 +0000

“Stringent [administrative] policies are effective deterrents against police use of lethal force [against] Blacks, but not Whites… This could be attributable to the differential application of lethal force against Whites and Blacks.” (@jnowacki)

710

Sat, 15 Aug 2020 17:59:41 +0000

“In the schools serving African American students… SROs [school resource officers] had assumed law enforcement responsibilities… while in the rural schools, the SROs were focused on conflict resolution and prevention.” (@DiscourseofEd)

709

Sat, 15 Aug 2020 17:42:21 +0000

“The race of the victim determines whether a murder receives prominent coverage by newspapers or other media outlets… the focus tends to be on those [stories] with white victims.” Some Black women incorrectly conclude that they are less likely to be victims of homicide.

708

Sat, 15 Aug 2020 16:40:58 +0000

“Black men were significantly more likely than White men to think they would feel anxious [in police encounters, and thus alter] their behavior for risk of being stereotyped, and, ironically, behave in ways that police have been shown to perceive as deceptive or suspicious."

707

Sat, 15 Aug 2020 16:27:28 +0000

706

Fri, 14 Aug 2020 19:07:59 +0000

“Indigenous Americans tied with blacks for the number of folks killed by police officers in America [w]hile representing just over 10 percent of the black population… Native Americans are the most likely group to be killed by police in America.” (@dgembrick)

705

Fri, 14 Aug 2020 18:58:53 +0000

“The homicide victimization rate for blacks was six times higher than the rate for whites.” & “Police… need to refrain from using overly simplistic descriptions—such as

704

Fri, 14 Aug 2020 18:30:52 +0000

“An extremely high proportion of Sub-Saharan African respondents were stopped for questioning during the last 12 months in Ireland (59%)” & “Interviewees lived in neighbourhoods that were described by interviewers as not particularly poor compared to other areas of the city”

703

Fri, 14 Aug 2020 18:05:12 +0000

“Reflexive criminalization of Black women… heighten[s] the perception that they are threatening, foreclosing the possibility in police officers' minds that they are simply survivors of violence… Police responses… all too often result in further…violence against them”

702

Thu, 13 Aug 2020 19:14:00 +0000

“While the majority of mass school shootings… have been in largely White, middle-class rural or suburban communities, the increased police presence [as a result of those shootings] has been most prevalent in low-income schools, with majority non-White populations."

701

Thu, 13 Aug 2020 18:59:32 +0000

“The rate at which Blacks [in Maryland] died by a police encounter (deaths per population size) was five times that of Whites… The number of unarmed Blacks who died (36 people) exceeded the total number of all Whites who died (30 people), armed or not."

700

Thu, 13 Aug 2020 18:01:05 +0000

“The loss of years per 100,000 people over their collective lifetimes is largest for Black men, with… 3,772 years are lost to police use of force… Black men’s cumulative loss of life is just over 2.5 times white men’s."

699

Thu, 13 Aug 2020 16:22:04 +0000

“For Black and mixed-‘race’ victims of crime the racialized processes of victim blaming and treatment as suspect damage trust and confidence in the police as a fair and legitimate institution. This has a significant impact on willingness to approach the police."

698

Thu, 13 Aug 2020 16:03:32 +0000

"‘In short, people who belong to marginalized communities are at a higher risk of being shot than those who are not.'" & “The data show that the problems encountered with police violence are systemic, not merely a case of individual ‘bad apples.'"

697

Thu, 13 Aug 2020 15:53:10 +0000

“In Ottawa, Middle Easterner and Black groups… are the two race groups with disproportionately high incidences of traffic stops… Black Drivers were stopped 2.3 times more than what you would expect based on their population."

696

Wed, 12 Aug 2020 17:56:48 +0000

“The pervasive influence of racial stereotypes may cause officers to perceive racial minorities as threatening. The same phenomenon may also influence juries. The limited empirical evidence available suggests that implicit bias importantly influences jury decision-making."

695

Wed, 12 Aug 2020 17:41:21 +0000

“Feeling disrespected during their most recent stop was associated with negative attitudes toward the police.” & “How [officers] control a stop… can have a longstanding influence concerning how the youth may relate to enforcement efforts in the future."

694

Wed, 12 Aug 2020 17:26:35 +0000

“If the data used to initiate [an automated police decision system] is biased the ‘actionable intelligence’… will likely also be biased… The resulting… arrests will likely generate even more bad data, which is then fed back… and so on.” (@jvagle)

693

Tue, 11 Aug 2020 19:25:38 +0000

“Analysis also showed black people were killed by police at more than double the rate for whites… Of the African Americans killed by police, 25% were unarmed, while 17% of the whites killed were unarmed.” & “‘Most police shootings are preventable.'"

692

Tue, 11 Aug 2020 19:14:31 +0000

“Participants with low racial bias… who are typically supportive of policing policy reform, were significantly less supportive when exposed to threatening media images of Black men.” & “Associating Black men with threat significantly predicts… [support of] lethal force."

691

Tue, 11 Aug 2020 18:57:24 +0000

“Evidence of exclusive predatory use of [police] dogs against African Americans.” & “‘This disparity suggests that race may play an impermissible role in officers’ decisions to deploy canines.'” & “Unleashing vicious dogs on blacks confirmed their devalued status."

690

Tue, 11 Aug 2020 03:05:53 +0000

“He … had trouble comprehending why he was stopped by the police when he was an A student who did not sag his pants and did not perceive himself as a ‘thug’ or ‘thief.'” & “A psychiatric consultation revealed that Jamal was actually experiencing trauma [as a result]."

689

Tue, 11 Aug 2020 02:25:45 +0000

688

Tue, 11 Aug 2020 02:07:03 +0000

"[Traditional police culture] TPC tends to incorporate distrust toward… citizens… a desire to avoid supervisor scrutiny… and permissiveness toward misconduct." & “Black [police] managers were less likely to endorse TPC than White managers."

687

Tue, 11 Aug 2020 01:47:55 +0000

“Less restrictive policies, with respect to TASER® placement, result in more TASER® usage… We also see a race effect. More specifically, officers are more likely to use a TASER® on both Black and ‘other’ race suspects compared to their White counterparts."

686

Sat, 08 Aug 2020 15:04:27 +0000

“When algorithms in the criminal justice system rely upon data that contains racial bias, the machine learning algorithms that use this data to make predictions will inevitably reflect that racial bias…despite any claims that an algorithm is ‘race neutral.'"

685

Sat, 08 Aug 2020 14:56:34 +0000

“The bill… provided that disciplinary records relating to the use of deadly force, … sexual assault, unjustified stops and arrests, racial profiling, discriminatory treatment, … would be available for public inspection… The police union lobby opposed SB 1286."

684

Sat, 08 Aug 2020 14:44:13 +0000

While experiencing psychiatric crisis at similar rates, “African-Americans are more likely to be brought to the ER by police than whites and those who are brought to the ER by police are even more likely to be involuntarily committed” (@MichaelLPerlin @cuc1699)

683

Sat, 08 Aug 2020 14:26:28 +0000

“The results indicate that civilians killed by the police who are other races/ethnicities are more likely than Whites to pose no clear threat… The difference between Whites and Blacks in the likelihood of posing no clear threat is not statistically significant."

682

Sat, 08 Aug 2020 14:18:31 +0000

“Current judgments about the meaning of behaviors like nervousness and flight from police are outdated and ignore the realities of normal adolescent behavior and police-on-black violence that provide black youth with many reasons to flee."

681

Fri, 07 Aug 2020 14:53:34 +0000

“Blacks are likely to be viewed as criminal, and criminals are assumed to be Black.” & “Officers are more likely to use force against individuals who have a mental illness… such individuals may be viewed as unpredictable and as prone to criminal behavior.” @MiltonetteJDPhD

680

Fri, 07 Aug 2020 14:41:14 +0000

“The evidence is robust regarding the ubiquitous implicit bias that exists in society and, more specifically, in police officers; however, implicit bias in police officers does not necessarily mean that they will respond to African Americans with explicit bias."

679

Fri, 07 Aug 2020 14:34:29 +0000

678

Thu, 06 Aug 2020 19:10:46 +0000

“Stops of blacks and Hispanics were typically based on less evidence than stops of whites. For example, 49% of blacks and 34% of Hispanics stopped under suspicion of [criminal weapon possession] had less than a 1% chance of possessing a weapon, compared to 19% of whites."

677

Thu, 06 Aug 2020 18:28:07 +0000

Minorities “commented favourably when they were treated with dignity, even when stopped on suspicion of criminal behaviour and when arrested… Disproportionate use of force and inappropriate language [were reported] almost exclusively [by] African Americans and Latinos."

676

Thu, 06 Aug 2020 14:37:38 +0000

“African American and HBCU students in Baton Rouge were more likely than their White, traditional university counterparts to have more negative attitudes toward the police… Majority of African American and HBCU respondents agreed that police tend to use excessive force."

675

Tue, 04 Aug 2020 19:18:54 +0000

“We… isolated the effect of race from criminal history… Black defendants were still 77 percent more likely to be pegged as at higher risk of committing a future violent crime… The algorithm used to create the Florida risk scores is a product of a for-profit company."

674

Tue, 04 Aug 2020 19:05:01 +0000

Clearance rates for homicides with Latino or Black victims are significantly lower than homicides with White victims. Additionally, “the odds of a death penalty charge are 62–65% lower for cases with Black victims and 47–49% lower for cases with Latino victims."

673

Tue, 04 Aug 2020 13:07:40 +0000

“Police departments in labor markets with larger Black and Hispanic populations, are more likely to have an underrepresentation of Black and Hispanic officers relative to the local population…[attenuated by] Black/Hispanic presence among top administrators.” @familyunequal

672

Tue, 04 Aug 2020 12:56:52 +0000

Finds that conservatives, Republicans, whites, those with lower education, and those less attentive to news are more likely to see police killings of Black people as isolated incidents rather than as indicative of a broader problem.

671

Tue, 04 Aug 2020 11:31:39 +0000

“White respondents were more likely to approve of police striking citizens in some situation, who are vulgar, attempting to escape, [or] attacking the police. White respondents were less likely to approve of police striking murder suspects compared to African American[s]."

670

Mon, 03 Aug 2020 20:52:54 +0000

669

Mon, 03 Aug 2020 18:43:43 +0000

668

Mon, 03 Aug 2020 18:29:40 +0000

Decline of stop & search in England & Wales “has disproportionately favoured white people… Black people… are now six times as likely to be searched, up from four times the previous year… limited evidence to support the theory that stop & search actually reduces crime."

667

Mon, 03 Aug 2020 18:14:17 +0000

“exhibiting hip-hop culture appearance increases the odds of being arrested by three times… This pattern persists when holding constant all of the other variables in the model (including … suspect demeanor, priors, and seriousness of the offense)."

666

Mon, 03 Aug 2020 17:57:05 +0000

“The race of officers also shows a statistically significant relationship to pressure to conduct stops. Nonwhite officers are more likely to feel pressure compared with white officers.” & “Less pressure is placed on officers to obey the law, especially in more recent years."

665

Mon, 03 Aug 2020 17:45:31 +0000

“When young people are repeatedly stopped by police they begin to experience all stops as unfair, regardless of the individual characteristics of those stops… [and] come to believe… that they have been targeted for an unlawful reason, like their race or gender."

664

Mon, 03 Aug 2020 17:22:44 +0000

“Traffic officers say that by following any vehicle… they can observe a basis on which to stop it… Officers often develop ad hoc methods of winnowing suspicious from innocent motorist… [but are] subject to the racial and ethnic stereotypes they learn from our culture."

663

Mon, 03 Aug 2020 14:46:03 +0000

“Concern about police violence, as measured by Google search queries, is associated with elevated rates of homicide and other violent crime” & “[A] standard deviation increase in search activity… is associated with… a 10 percent rise in homicides.” (@MannMarcus)

662

Mon, 03 Aug 2020 14:18:50 +0000

In a survey of pregnant Black women in Atlanta, “A statistically significant association was observed for antenatal depressive symptoms and anticipated negative African American youth and police experiences” based on two agree/disagree questions.

661

Mon, 03 Aug 2020 14:05:33 +0000

In primarily Black, low-income cities, “most respondents viewed police negatively across measures of procedural justice, police department legitimacy, police bias, and community policing” but also a “strong belief in the law and [a] willingness to partner with the police."

660

Mon, 03 Aug 2020 13:54:54 +0000

“Findings for the Black population of Kingston during the study period are very clear: there are large racial disparities in stop rates and likelihood of being stopped regardless of other issues.” & “The results did not support the belief that police stops are about crime."

659

Sun, 02 Aug 2020 21:54:23 +0000

“Our data suggest a substantial overrepresentation of people with mental illness among those killed [by police]… Rates of death were the highest for African-Americans with mental illness followed by non-Hispanic Whites with mental illness."

658

Sun, 02 Aug 2020 21:33:49 +0000

A “preferential treatment” ethnographic “study of 30 young, middle-class drug dealers” with minimal police interaction. “The visible role of police in the community was largely restricted to enforcing traffic laws and directing traffic.” (@SJacques83)

657

Sun, 02 Aug 2020 20:44:22 +0000

“Racial threat and federal aid work together in shaping city police spending.” & “Receiving a large COPS grant was positively associated with police spending, especially in cities where Blacks were accounting for a larger percentage of the city population.” (@robvargas21)

656

Sun, 02 Aug 2020 20:24:21 +0000

“When paramilitary tactics were used in drug searches, the primary targets were people of color, whereas when paramilitary tactics were used in hostage or barricade scenarios, the primary targets were white.” “At least 54% [impacted by SWAT deployments] were minorities."

655

Sun, 02 Aug 2020 19:50:39 +0000

“An increase in the proportion of ethnic minority officers in a given year is significantly associated with a decrease in the number of substantiated complaints per officer in the following year.” & “Representative bureaucracy improves organizational integrity."

654

Sun, 02 Aug 2020 19:23:37 +0000

“Police killings of unarmed Blacks and unarmed Hispanics have a significant, positive effect on Black homicide changes.” & “The actual killings of unarmed civilians … and not just the public’s protest against them, drive the effect [of increased homicides]."

653

Sun, 02 Aug 2020 18:42:06 +0000

“Stop-and-frisk/search… in London and New York City, shapes the lived experiences of people of color, including students traveling to and from school… Expectations for protection while wearing school uniforms were thwarted by… adultlike treatment from law enforcement."

652

Sun, 02 Aug 2020 18:14:09 +0000

“Whites… rate the police somewhat less favorably in terms of job performance, trustworthiness, and fairness when the force includes mostly black officers… [A] diverse police force is likely to suffer a loss of… legitimacy among whites as compared with black citizens."

651

Sun, 02 Aug 2020 16:26:12 +0000

“Clearance rates are significantly lower in counties that contain greater proportions of Black residents… Controlling both crime conditions and criminal justice contexts explains virtually none of the relationship between county Black population and case clearance."

650

Sun, 02 Aug 2020 15:37:51 +0000

“Small [belonging & values] changes to the email inviting candidates to take part in a [policing judgment test]… managed to increase the probability that a non-white applicant passed… by 50 per cent, closing the gap in pass rates between non-white and white applicants."

649

Sun, 02 Aug 2020 15:21:47 +0000

“The results also suggest that there is an inflection point [in the % of black officers] at which black officers may become less likely to discriminate against black citizens and more inclined to assume a minority advocacy role or to become neutral enforcers of the law."

648

Sun, 02 Aug 2020 15:08:14 +0000

“The results of our analysis provide little support for the de-policing explanation of the rise in [2015] homicide levels.” & “The arrest rates for minor and property offenses are negatively associated with the homicide rate but only for Whites."

647

Sat, 01 Aug 2020 16:22:35 +0000

“Implicit bias endangers the lives of African Americans because these citizens’ actions are given different meanings. Blackness means an unarmed man is armed, a cell phone is a gun… While Whiteness means innocent until proven guilty, boys will be boys."

646

Sat, 01 Aug 2020 16:16:02 +0000

“Officers are significantly more likely to form a non-behavioral suspicion when the suspect is Black… 4.4 times greater… Suspect race and method of transportation play an important role in the types of suspicion that police officers form."

645

Sat, 01 Aug 2020 15:53:05 +0000

“Big data policing is racially encoded, colored by the history of real-world policing that disproportionality impacts communities of color. Police data comes from the real world, and all of the long-standing discriminatory impacts of … bias color that data."

644

Sat, 01 Aug 2020 15:44:09 +0000

“The practice of summoning the police on Black persons engaged in everyday activities… is by no means new.” & “The practice… serves to maintain racial segregation, inflicts a number of intangible injuries, and exposes Blacks to physical and psychological harm."

643

Sat, 01 Aug 2020 15:27:14 +0000

“Boys of color… are more likely… to be disciplined in school with… potential diversion into the school-to-prison pipeline. If they do come into contact with police… they are more likely to be placed in the juvenile justice system rather than… a diversion program."

642

Sat, 01 Aug 2020 15:07:48 +0000

“Notions that cast [racism] in terms of individual officers' racial bias do not offer a complete account of why shootings occur… Minority officers are roughly… proportionately represented among shooters-maybe even overrepresented among some categories of shooters."

641

Fri, 31 Jul 2020 14:05:27 +0000

“Police stereotypes of minority citizens, which conflate race and violent criminality, parallel those of the larger society and may be continuously reinforced by selective personal experience and departmental folklore."

640

Fri, 31 Jul 2020 13:52:46 +0000

Finds police killings by race are commensurate with rates of police contact, but here’s an… interesting… way to conclude a paper on police violence:

639

Wed, 29 Jul 2020 21:30:10 +0000

“We find strong evidence that establishment of community nonprofits had a substantively meaningful negative effect on murder, violent crime, and property crime.” & “Reconsidering the set of actors and organizations that have the greatest potential to control violent crime."

638

Wed, 29 Jul 2020 20:58:28 +0000

“Certain crimes like loitering or riding a bicycle on the sidewalk are far more likely to be enforced in poor black neighborhoods than in affluent white ones… Often, it is the very same residents who report feeling both underprotected and overpoliced."

637

Wed, 29 Jul 2020 20:17:09 +0000

“The majority of white officers reported the deaths of black citizens during police encounters were isolated incidents; less than half of black officers offered the same assessment.” Also, 92% of white officers “felt the country had made necessary changes” toward equality.

636

Wed, 29 Jul 2020 19:11:32 +0000

“Studies on the criminalization of black girls and the school-to-prison pipeline document how they experience more severe penalties and punishments than white girls and are subject to sexual harassment from school resource officers and police officers."

635

Wed, 29 Jul 2020 18:48:40 +0000

“In Toronto… stops of white youth… dropped by 28.6%… By contrast… stops of black youth had increased by 42.7%” & “The findings here do reveal a significant amount of police and black youth interactions in neighbourhoods housing a high percentage of whites."

634

Wed, 29 Jul 2020 16:47:33 +0000

“Fourth Amendment law more generally, provides police officers with an opportunity to target African Americans without violating the law. The over-policing of African Americans… is a problem of bad laws, and not just bad police officers."

633

Tue, 28 Jul 2020 20:24:20 +0000

Significant, long-lasting increase in discretionary stops of Black drivers following Trump rallies (no effect on drivers of other races or following other candidates' rallies). h/t @aortmannphd

632

Tue, 28 Jul 2020 17:52:20 +0000

“Individuals are less supportive of police drones in Caucasian neighborhoods than in African-American neighborhoods.” & “Participants had significantly different support for police UAS usage dependent on the ra- cial composition of the neighborhood.” (@emilyanania)

631

Tue, 28 Jul 2020 17:39:16 +0000

“Police officers may see no strategic advantage in wasting time and cognitive resources on the routine problems that provide the bulk of their day-to-day work… Racial/ethnic stereotypes facilitate rapid dispositional inferences about the likely outcomes of interactions."

630

Tue, 28 Jul 2020 17:26:27 +0000

“Analyzing policing material…indicators that are being taught to police as evidence of danger and an imminent attack may also be signs of stereotype threat, which can lead police to potentially misinterpret a situation… An innocent citizen…may display these behaviors."

629

Tue, 28 Jul 2020 17:05:46 +0000

“In… police reports, law enforcement personnel regularly expressed negative, stereotyping beliefs about sexual assault victims… [e.g.,] prostitutes… their own fault… Police appeared to have no compunction expressing such opinions about African American… survivors."

628

Mon, 27 Jul 2020 23:08:30 +0000

“Cases involving victims of color… are likely to have more investigatory blame justifications as compared with White victims, meaning they are likely to have fewer investigative steps completed and ultimately less likely to have an arrest, a referral, or both."

627

Mon, 27 Jul 2020 21:42:44 +0000

“These results suggest that Black girls are viewed as more adult than their white peers at almost all stages of childhood.” & “School-based police officers, among others, may also be more likely to view Black girls as older and less innocent."

626

Mon, 27 Jul 2020 20:42:40 +0000

“The main conclusion flowing from the present study is that black and Latino officers seem to view citizens more favorably than white officers do. They are significantly more likely to believe that victims deserve police assistance and that they are genuinely helping people”

625

Mon, 27 Jul 2020 20:26:54 +0000

“It is significantly more likely that assaults involving White male stranger attacks on Black females will result in declined prosecution and never proceed to an arrest or formal case filing” compared with Black male stranger attacks on White females.

624

Mon, 27 Jul 2020 20:10:57 +0000

“A history of mental illness decreased support for police force for White suspects, but increased support for police force for Black suspects.” & “Only those… [with] warm feelings about Blacks… [had] less support for police force against mentally ill Black suspects."

623

Mon, 27 Jul 2020 19:44:30 +0000

“For White Americans, negative contact with Black Americans consistently predicted defending the police officer and downplaying the issue of racial injustice.” & “Experiences an individual has with outgroup members predicts how they feel towards the whole outgroup."

622

Sun, 26 Jul 2020 00:06:40 +0000

"[Fryer] does not establish credible evidence on the presence or absence of discrimination against African Americans in police shootings" & “Absence of any considered analysis of… endogeneity of interactions… undermines any conclusion that there is no discrimination."

621

Fri, 24 Jul 2020 21:44:06 +0000

“The higher the % of Black residents in a city, the higher the % of the municipal budget derived from court fines and fees. In… majority-White cities… Black motorists make up a significant number of traffic stops… [and] are still policed for revenue."

620

Fri, 24 Jul 2020 21:31:19 +0000

“Drug arrests increase in counties where local governments are running deficits… in states that allow police departments to retain seizure revenues… Increases, however, are observed only for drug arrests of blacks and Hispanics; drug arrests of whites remain unchanged."

619

Fri, 24 Jul 2020 21:20:22 +0000

“When cities rely more heavily on fines, fees, and forfeitures… racial disparity in searches increases… contraband hit-rates increase sharply for whites as a reliance on fees increases, but not for blacks."

618

Fri, 24 Jul 2020 21:10:11 +0000

“Specialized drug unit personnel within police agencies has more than twice the effect on black drug arrests than white drug arrests.” & “Black drug arrest rates are 52% higher in police agencies that supplemented their budgets with drug asset forfeitures [22% for white]."

617

Fri, 24 Jul 2020 20:59:12 +0000

616

Fri, 24 Jul 2020 16:02:14 +0000

“In interviews, the [police] trainers indicated that discussing the role of race in policing proved to be the second hardest ‘sell’ in the curriculum, following only having to convince officers that ‘legitimacy’ should be one of their personal concerns."

615

Fri, 24 Jul 2020 15:51:45 +0000

Black women are disproportionately strip searched by customs agents (and otherwise over-represented in law enforcement suspicion) due to the intersection of criminal and hyper-sexualized stereotypes.

614

Fri, 24 Jul 2020 15:37:42 +0000

“Black males who come into contact with police may exhibit physical symptoms of anxiety stemming from fear about being stereotyped as criminals—fear that may be misconstrued by police officers as guilt."

613

Fri, 24 Jul 2020 15:31:51 +0000

“Blacks had 2.8 times the rate of legal intervention death compared with whites… In most cases, at least one involved officer was white (84.3%)” & “Black victims were significantly more likely to be unarmed …[and] less likely… to have posed an immediate threat to LE."

612

Thu, 23 Jul 2020 18:21:49 +0000

“Not only are Black men more likely to be fatally killed by police, they are even more likely when they are unarmed…Every year, roughly 1,000 people are lethally shot by the police—about 10% of whom are unarmed, and 40–50% of these are racial and ethnic minorities."

611

Thu, 23 Jul 2020 18:05:30 +0000

“In New York City… police stops of pedestrians increased from 90,000 to just under 700,000 between 2002 and 2011” & “Yet scores of studies revealed… high-volume stops and low-level arrests were weakly correlated with crime but showed a strong connection to race."

610

Thu, 23 Jul 2020 17:47:07 +0000

“Perceived discrimination by the police and security, the most common form of discrimination experienced by the participants, has a particularly negative effect on health outcomes.” (@matkau)

609

Thu, 23 Jul 2020 17:38:15 +0000

Europe: “Minority respondents were more likely than majority respondents to be stopped when on public transport or on the street… Every second minority victim of assault… did not report… because they were not confident the police would be able to do anything about it."

608

Thu, 23 Jul 2020 16:39:25 +0000

“The rate of stops for Black drivers decreased 15% between 2009 and 2019, while the rate of stops for white drivers fell by 28%… In 2019, the rate of stops for Black drivers was more than twice that of white drivers.” (h/t @JulieMFaenza)

607

Thu, 23 Jul 2020 16:32:07 +0000

“The majority of those who deliver methamphetamine, ecstasy, powder cocaine, and heroin in Seattle are white; blacks are the majority of those who deliver only one drug: crack. Yet 64 percent of those arrested for delivering one of these five drugs is black."

606

Thu, 23 Jul 2020 16:21:03 +0000

“The proactive surveillance of African American drivers, significantly increases as African Americans travel farther from ‘black’ communities and into whiter neighborhoods.” However, Black drivers “are the least likely to have legal problems (i.e., hits)” in these areas.

605

Thu, 23 Jul 2020 16:00:20 +0000

604

Thu, 23 Jul 2020 15:49:40 +0000

“Black parents and parents with stronger police legitimacy attitudes reported they would place greater importance on transmitting messages to their children about compliance with the police."

603

Thu, 23 Jul 2020 15:31:16 +0000

“Although our data and statistical approach were valid to estimate the question we actually tested…given continued misuse of the article (e.g. MacDonald 2020) we felt the right decision was to retract the article rather than publish further corrections.” cc:@ManhattanInst

602

Thu, 23 Jul 2020 15:24:55 +0000

"[Black] men with higher PLE [measure of police discrimination frequency] scores … have higher depressive symptom scores… consistent with empirical evidence documenting the positive association between Black men’s experiences with discrimination and depressive symptoms."

601

Thu, 23 Jul 2020 15:14:02 +0000

“Enfranchisement of black voters leads to a reduction in black arrest rates, but only when CLEOs are elected, rather than appointed” & “In the presence of elected police chiefs… arrests of blacks …fall in counties that were … covered [by the Voting Rights Act]."

600

Wed, 22 Jul 2020 14:41:00 +0000

“57% of…reported violent crimes committed against white victims were perpetrated by white offenders… violent crimes committed against black victims, 63 percent were committed by black people… [based on] street crime to the exclusion of organized & white-collar crime."

599

Wed, 22 Jul 2020 03:08:08 +0000

“Unarmed Black targets in threatening attire were marginally more likely to be mistakenly shot compared to unarmed White targets in threatening attire … Marginally more errors were also made against unarmed Blacks in threatening attire compared to Blacks in safe attire."

598

Wed, 22 Jul 2020 02:55:14 +0000

“Unarmed Black men killed by police in 15 of the former slave-holding states represent 41% of unarmed individuals killed by police across the United States."

597

Wed, 22 Jul 2020 02:46:41 +0000

“When negative, Black stereotypical information was given about a victim, it significantly colored those victims as being more at fault for their own deaths [by a police officer] compared to when positive, Black counterstereotypical information was provided."

596

Wed, 22 Jul 2020 02:35:22 +0000

“We find that race and gender shape not only exposure to police contacts but also their associated exchanges” & “Black females expressed … feeling ‘unimportant,’ ‘threatened,’ and ‘manipulated’ in the context of … both voluntary and involuntary encounters."

595

Wed, 22 Jul 2020 02:23:18 +0000

“Racial profiling occurs virtually irrespective of the race or ethnicity of the police officer who is involved. Instead, police-involved violence seems to be principally attributable to the organizational cultures and institutional norms and roles found in law enforcement."

594

Wed, 22 Jul 2020 02:14:41 +0000

593

Wed, 22 Jul 2020 02:02:26 +0000

“The Supreme Court has interpreted the Fourth Amendment to enable and sometimes expressly legalize racial profiling… [which] exposes African Americans not only to the violence of ongoing police surveillance and contact but also to the violence of serious bodily injury."

592

Wed, 22 Jul 2020 01:49:57 +0000

591

Wed, 22 Jul 2020 01:28:22 +0000

590

Wed, 22 Jul 2020 01:16:38 +0000

“A minimum of 1 in 4 fatal police encounters ends the life of an individual with severe mental illness. At this rate, the risk of being killed during a police incident is 16 times greater for individuals with untreated mental illness than for other civilians."

589

Wed, 22 Jul 2020 01:07:03 +0000

“Individuals are more likely to voluntarily comply with the law when they perceive the law to be legitimate and applied in a non-discriminatory fashion. From the point of view of racial minorities, this is precisely the opposite of the current state of affairs."

588

Wed, 22 Jul 2020 00:55:56 +0000

"[In areas of NYC] 80% of young African American men… had been stopped … by police within the last year… If practice and law were reconciled, we would have to believe that the police reasonably believed that 80% percent of [AA] youth … were about to commit a crime."

587

Tue, 21 Jul 2020 23:16:29 +0000

Perceptions of a neighborhood’s disorder (driven largely by minority presence) is a better indicator of future crime than actual neighborhood conditions due to “unwittingly promoted self-reinforcing actions…e.g, outmigration…thereby producing what it seeks to avoid."

586

Tue, 21 Jul 2020 23:00:36 +0000

“African American youth and families are negatively characterized or labeled by workers in the child welfare system… these labels… ultimately negatively affect the course of their case… the majority of the youth whose behavior was criminalized were African American."

585

Tue, 21 Jul 2020 20:38:55 +0000

Policing affects “trust in government beyond the policy’s target population”: “U.S.-born and immigrant Latinos who live in counties where immigrant policing … is the most intense are less likely to trust health information from government agencies."

584

Tue, 21 Jul 2020 20:31:05 +0000

“In 2012, the number of mentally ill persons in prisons and jails was 10 times the number remaining in state hospitals."

583

Tue, 21 Jul 2020 17:55:35 +0000

582

Tue, 21 Jul 2020 17:38:43 +0000

“Perceptions of the police as unbiased or as biased against Whites motivates… support for the candidate who has been unconditionally supportive of police and antagonistic towards … the Black Lives Matter movement. Perceptions … may be a proxy for anti-Black sentiment."

581

Tue, 21 Jul 2020 17:01:36 +0000

“The news media adopt certain [law&order or police brutality] frames” & “These findings illustrate how modest modifications in the framing of the police dash-cam video significantly alter people’s support and favorability for the [victim]’s and the police officer’s actions."

580

Tue, 21 Jul 2020 16:49:24 +0000

“When there is damning video evidence, law enforcement agencies respond quickly and punitively to individualize the wrongdoing and diffuse protest. The self-inflicted act of criminal justice repairs the police reputation as unbiased… propagates a narrative of ‘civility.'"

579

Tue, 21 Jul 2020 15:17:00 +0000

“White and Black Americans have long had divergent views of police … that have grown further apart in the wake of the publicized succession of police killings of unarmed Black young people and adults.” & “White Americans tend to believe that the police … are fair."

578

Mon, 20 Jul 2020 20:56:34 +0000

“When Black police officers take off their uniform, do they become the target of racial profiling? Select evidence presented here indicates that it does happen and we documented … that Black officers are subject to the same historical racial stereotypes of criminality."

577

Mon, 20 Jul 2020 16:40:27 +0000

“Bottom line: poor black neighborhoods see too little of the kinds of policing and criminal punishment that do the most good, and too much of the kinds that do the most harm."

576

Mon, 20 Jul 2020 15:01:57 +0000

“The nuisance property ordinance … forc[es] abused women to choose between calling the police on their abusers (only to risk eviction) or staying in their apartments (only to risk more abuse). Women from black neighborhoods disproportionately face this devil’s bargain."

575

Sun, 19 Jul 2020 19:36:53 +0000

574

Sun, 19 Jul 2020 19:29:34 +0000

“The mean stop rate… where more than half of the residents are black or Latino is 253 per 1,000… In majority-white areas [it] is strikingly lower at 92 per 1,000 residents.” & “Surplus [little evidence] frisks are… clustered in low-income and minority neighborhoods."

573

Sun, 19 Jul 2020 19:17:01 +0000

“Experiencing …police brutality… and having to worry about becoming a victim are all stressors… Deterioration of organs and systems caused by increased allostatic load occurs more frequently in Black populations and can lead to…diabetes, stroke, ulcers…” @ProfAlang

572

Sun, 19 Jul 2020 19:03:34 +0000

“The targets of reported police sexual violence are overwhelmingly women, and typically women of color who are or are perceived to be involved in the drug or sex trades, or using drugs or alcohol."

571

Sun, 19 Jul 2020 16:51:48 +0000

“Black officers were more likely to have negative perceptions of their interactions with colleagues than Whites, but Blacks had higher perceptions of the culture of the department, i.e., its policies and procedures and standards used in assessment and promotion."

570

Sun, 19 Jul 2020 15:59:00 +0000

“The police leader in England and Wales is undeniably a White man, with only 24% women and 4% BME in leadership positions.” & “BME officers are subject to a range of exclusionary practices that result in their isolation and discrimination with in the police service."

569

Sun, 19 Jul 2020 15:53:48 +0000

“The disproportionate use of stop and search is not only born out of, but also perpetuates, a paranoid … suspicion toward an entire community. The ingrained image … feeds into the collective illusion that black men everywhere need to be policed more than others."

568

Sun, 19 Jul 2020 15:47:05 +0000

567

Sun, 19 Jul 2020 15:04:40 +0000

“Gang membership is often portrayed… as strictly a minority issue… There are large discrepancies between these figures and… surveys. These four groups [White, Hispanic, Black, and other] are about equally represented in self-report samples [of gang membership]."

566

Sun, 19 Jul 2020 14:41:14 +0000

“If a racially biased police force were to fit a new forecasting model to predict from last week’s drug arrests… this would create a feedback loop… Racial bias is now encoded into a prediction model… reinforcing the original disproportionate allocation of… police."

565

Sat, 18 Jul 2020 22:39:55 +0000

“Minority communities may provide officers an implicit visual heuristic that they can expect to encounter dangerous and uncooperative residents… Officers may be implicitly interpreting Black neighborhoods as inherently dangerous and uncooperative."

564

Sat, 18 Jul 2020 17:13:28 +0000

563

Sat, 18 Jul 2020 17:03:37 +0000

Poor and Black people “without these types of police-initiated and unjust encounters” are at least as likely “to report their personal victimizations” as White people; however, police contact has “a stronger inhibitory effect on reporting for Blacks relative to Whites."

562

Sat, 18 Jul 2020 15:10:07 +0000

“Racial disparities continue to exist when those [other] factors are controlled for. In particular, Black and Hispanic drivers in Vermont are substantially more likely to be searched than White or Asian drivers, and are less likely to be found with contraband."

561

Sat, 18 Jul 2020 14:56:16 +0000

White people are more than twice as likely to support the use of military equipment for riot control as Black people “likely due to disproportionate usage of militarized police for riot control purposes in Black neighborhoods and against Black protestors."

560

Sat, 18 Jul 2020 14:45:42 +0000

“Greater support for lowering the age of criminal responsibility was found when the teenage offender was black… Greater tolerance for police violence was observed when it was a crime of robbery committed by a black teenager."

559

Sat, 18 Jul 2020 14:44:26 +0000

Many videos “contradict official claims… call[ing] into question the trope of police officers as guardian-warriors maintaining the ‘thin blue line’ between a vulnerable public and dangerous predators. Without video… [the] public may assume [victims]… are criminals."

558

Sat, 18 Jul 2020 13:21:43 +0000

“9.5% of black respondents reported exposure to physical police violence compared with 2.7% of white respondents” & Authors find “elevated odds for psychological distress, suicidal behavior, and psychotic experiences among individuals recently exposed to police violence."

557

Sat, 18 Jul 2020 01:51:00 +0000

“Studies of [police] promotion show people of color are promoted more slowly than whites, preserving hierarchal race relations.” & “Racial profiling, unequal enforcement of the law, and discriminatory treatment is part of the structure of policing."

556

Sat, 18 Jul 2020 01:39:13 +0000

“Black women also reported higher prevalence of physical and psychological police victimization… compared. to non-Latina White women.” & “Black and Latina women and economically disadvantaged women, may be at higher risk for police violence exposures.” (@bbackes321)

555

Sat, 18 Jul 2020 01:20:51 +0000

“Creation of Blue Lives Matter has helped facilitate overwhelming public support for the police subculture’s perceived ‘war against cops’ and the entitlement to violence that accompanies their need for survival.” & “Their official website…is devoted to discrediting [BLM]"

554

Sat, 18 Jul 2020 01:07:59 +0000

“Results show that expansions in percentage of blacks in states in the Northeastern United States lead to growth in state police strength.” & “It seems likely that… police… in the Northeast continue to … suppress[]… politically or economically threatening [groups]."

553

Sat, 18 Jul 2020 00:58:30 +0000

“The findings of these studies reinforce what many racialized minorities [in Canada] have long suspected in cities across the country: the exercise of police discretionary power produces differential, racialized treatment."

552

Fri, 17 Jul 2020 18:23:06 +0000

“Most [police officers in] our sample believed that there has been a war on cops in recent years” & “Although recent analyses suggest that widespread increases in violent crime or assaults on police officers have not occurred to date."

551

Fri, 17 Jul 2020 18:14:18 +0000

“Four forces which provided comparable figures… all recorded disproportionately high numbers of stop and search conducted on children and young people from BME backgrounds… British Transport Police (BTP)… also indicated… BME groups being stopped disproportionately."

550

Fri, 17 Jul 2020 18:03:18 +0000

“This report demonstrates that the drug laws weigh particularly heavily on black and minority ethnic communities, doing more harm than good at a great cost to the public purse…Black people are also shown to be charged at a higher rate than white people for possession."

549

Fri, 17 Jul 2020 15:39:15 +0000

“Latinos who reported that ‘people like me’ are more likely to be stopped by police, arrested, or sent to prison were more likely than their counterparts to report poor self-rated physical health."

548

Fri, 17 Jul 2020 15:33:18 +0000

“By blaming… victims for their own fatal police shootings… we can rest assured that this shooting—and that shooting, and the next, and the next again, and so on—was because of this one bad actor… It lets us off the hook of confronting individual… racism."

547

Thu, 16 Jul 2020 22:19:45 +0000

"[Brazilian police in simulators] shot at black targets faster than at whites when they were armed, and had more difficulty (were slower) not to shoot blacks than whites when they were unarmed." & “There were no effects of the [police] participants' color."

546

Thu, 16 Jul 2020 21:55:46 +0000

“Police did change alongside changes in a neighborhood’s racial makeup and increases in real estate prices net of any changes in crime.” & “Net of crime…police made more order-maintenance… arrests underscoring policing’s role in early-stage urban ‘renewal.'” @BrendenBeck

545

Thu, 16 Jul 2020 20:38:55 +0000

“None of the Black males or females… were arrested as a result of their police contact, suggesting that… streets stops involving police use of force are not limited to Black residents engaged in criminal activity and… force used by police officers may be unnecessary."

544

Thu, 16 Jul 2020 17:24:02 +0000

“A father’s incarceration places adolescents and young adults similarly ‘at risk’ for increased delinquency and likelihood of arrest, regardless of race and ethnic classification… [but] Black and Hispanic youth remain much more likely to have an incarcerated father."

543

Thu, 16 Jul 2020 17:09:18 +0000

“Irrespective of differences in the assessment of perceived racism … the experience of racism among Black Americans is ubiquitous and is shown in this study to be associated with psychological distress” & “features associated with trauma."

542

Thu, 16 Jul 2020 16:27:58 +0000

“Race/ethnicity and gender shaped the encounters between … low-income youth and police … Black and Latina young women experienced a higher frequency of negative encounters … and a lack of law enforcement response when they were under threat."

541

Thu, 16 Jul 2020 02:03:03 +0000

“Negative stereotypes about Blacks being lazy and perceptions about police’s excessive use of force whenever they encounter Blacks predicted 27% of the variation in stated vote preferences” between Trump and Clinton.

540

Thu, 16 Jul 2020 01:23:53 +0000

539

Wed, 15 Jul 2020 22:49:19 +0000

“Once arrested, people of color are also likely to be charged more harshly than whites; once charged, they are more likely to be convicted; and once convicted, they are more likely to face stiff sentences—all after accounting for… crime severity and criminal history."

538

Wed, 15 Jul 2020 21:37:35 +0000

“Police stop, search, and arrest sex workers using condoms as evidence to support prostitution charges… Fear of arrest overwhelmed their need to protect themselves from HIV, other [STDs] and pregnancy.” & Risks are “more marked in transgender persons of color."

537

Wed, 15 Jul 2020 19:37:36 +0000

536

Wed, 15 Jul 2020 19:27:52 +0000

“From [the police] perspective, racism has not been perpetuated if the officer is not racist. In this case, the officer was just looking for criminals… [But the] idea of what a ‘criminal’ looks like is based on a racial stereotype."

535

Wed, 15 Jul 2020 19:21:18 +0000

"[UK] Black women are more than twice as likely to be arrested as white women in the general population but 10% less likely than white women to be proceeded against following an arrest. This could suggest an over-use of arrest powers, where there is weaker evidence…"

534

Wed, 15 Jul 2020 19:09:23 +0000

“Those from BME groups were 3 times as likely to be stopped and searched as those who are White. In particular, those who are Black (or Black British) were over 6 times more likely to be stopped. In both cases these figures were higher than the previous year."

533

Wed, 15 Jul 2020 19:03:25 +0000

[England] “Black men were more than [3x] more likely to be arrested than White men, whilst Black women and Black boys were also significantly more likely to be arrested than White women and boys. Mixed ethnic men and women were also more than [2x] as likely to be arrested."

532

Wed, 15 Jul 2020 18:37:03 +0000

“A computer… shifts accountability from departmental decision-makers to black-box machinery that purports to be scientific, evidence-based and race-neutral. Predictive policing is simply reproducing and magnifying the same biases the police have historically held."

531

Wed, 15 Jul 2020 18:09:36 +0000

“Identification of those suspected to be ‘foreign’ was largely based on…appearance—namely skin color…and language/accent… It was common for a person’s darker skin colour to prompt questions about… nationality… despite…insistence that they were British citizens."

530

Wed, 15 Jul 2020 17:59:46 +0000

“This cooperation between ICE and local law enforcement is a critical component of racial and gendered disparities in deportation trends… Police officers are more likely to stop and arrest black and Latino men, which in turn leads to higher deportation rates."

529

Wed, 15 Jul 2020 17:50:02 +0000

“Based on data collected from various jurisdictions, the vast majority of studies have confirmed that race/ethnicity matters in traffic stops, with Blacks being significantly more likely than Whites to be stopped."

528

Wed, 15 Jul 2020 02:20:26 +0000

The simulation results “demonstrate that even if police sent to a neighborhood discover crime incidents according to the true crime rate, the … model will converge to only sending police to the neighborhood with the most crime” & “Runaway feedback in predictive policing."

527

Wed, 15 Jul 2020 01:43:47 +0000

“Officers also showed a prior bias to shoot Black men when no dispatch information was provided…Although most officers showed some anti-Black prior bias, certain officers showed up to four times as much bias as the group average."

526

Wed, 15 Jul 2020 01:35:38 +0000

“Black but not white men reporting personal or vicarious UTBP [unfair treatment by police] had shorter telomeres than men not reporting UTBP … [which] may contribute to racial disparities in health and mortality more broadly."

525

Mon, 13 Jul 2020 23:04:28 +0000

“Data-driven policing thereby facilitates racialized criminalization through a feedback loop of arrests, tickets, data-entry, data-analysis, and patrol deployments… Differential production of crime data…reinforces… disproportionate patrolling of racialized minorities."

524

Mon, 13 Jul 2020 22:12:58 +0000

“The slowdown significantly reduced proactive policing… Contradicting arguments that systematically decreasing proactive policing should correspond to increased crime … our results reveal that civilian complaints of major crimes declined by approximately 3–6%."

523

Mon, 13 Jul 2020 22:01:05 +0000

“Police unions publicly and aggressively defend police officers accused of misconduct… Unions have opposed policy changes designed to foster better police–community relations, particularly the current issue of racial profiling."

522

Mon, 13 Jul 2020 21:52:26 +0000

“African Americans were more likely to experience a traffic stop than either white or Hispanic drivers… African American drivers and Hispanic drivers were more likely to be searched… African Americans were 3 times more likely to experience police use of force."

521

Mon, 13 Jul 2020 21:36:22 +0000

520

Mon, 13 Jul 2020 21:26:49 +0000

“Existing best practices such as hot spot policing are…a crude algorithmic remediation of patrol geographies that facilitate the over-policing of poor and minority communities and expose them to police abuses…a blunt preventive instrument that allows for biased patrols."

519

Mon, 13 Jul 2020 06:05:45 +0000

“We showed… tall White men may benefit from increased perceptions of competence, tall Black men are burdened with increased perceptions of threat… NYPD police officers stopped tall Black men at a disproportionately high rate."

518

Mon, 13 Jul 2020 05:53:28 +0000

“All groups experienced violent repressive policing through direct or indirect encounters.” & “The vast majority of revolutionary activists… vowed to engage in future activism efforts even after experiencing high levels of aggressive police action."

517

Sun, 12 Jul 2020 22:26:23 +0000

“Having dark skin increased the chances that an African American would be sent to prison, rather than receive probation or have his charges reduced… White men with Afrocentric features like larger lips or fuller noses were more likely to be punished than other white men."

516

Sun, 12 Jul 2020 20:46:51 +0000

“Racial residential segregation was the most robust indicator associated with state-level racial disparities in police shootings of unarmed victims… controlling for both the overall rate of Black police shootings and Black arrest rates."

515

Sun, 12 Jul 2020 20:35:59 +0000

At UK airports “Black Canadians were eight times as likely to be stopped, black South Africans ten times as likely and black Americans more than twice as likely by comparison with their white counterparts… Immigration officers have wide discretion."

514

Sun, 12 Jul 2020 18:39:27 +0000

“U.S. media outlets and their journalists' tweets adopted delegitimizing frames of protesters significantly more than the U.K., Spain, or France.” & “Media outlets and journalists in the UK and Spain addressed race/racism twice as often as those from the U.S."

513

Sun, 12 Jul 2020 03:51:42 +0000

“Presenting stimuli during periods of enhanced representation of cardiac activity was associated with increased salience of racial cues, leading to an increased likelihood of shooting ‘unarmed’ Black individuals [relative to white individuals]."

512

Sun, 12 Jul 2020 00:21:01 +0000

“Both crack-cocaine and methamphetamine use are criminalized… In the … case of opioid misuse, political and media campaigns often disseminate messages that, in spite of their conventional lifestyles, White, middle-class persons have fallen prey to addictive substances."

511

Sat, 11 Jul 2020 19:27:28 +0000

“We find that the implicit racial biases of White residents predict disproportionate regional use of lethal force with Blacks by police. This association is robust, reliably emerging across two conceptually distinct measures of racial bias."

510

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 23:21:29 +0000

“Getting cover… [is] the appearance of intimacy with young women—for communicating innocence to onlooking officers. If lesbian and gay youth hope to avoid police scrutiny, they must…conform to the standards of heterosexual romance…regulation over gender and sexuality."

509

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 23:11:25 +0000

“The models consistently demonstrated that more educated [BA] and White [Texas police] chiefs identified the maintenance of law and order as more important, whereas less educated and non-White chiefs emphasized the maintenance of relationships and adoption of innovations."

508

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 20:36:30 +0000

“Black Londoners were 2.5 times more likely to be searched than whites. This disparity was even greater for drug searches… The overall search success…rates were 0.7 p.p. lower for black persons…consistent with preference-based or inaccurate statistical discrimination."

507

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 18:00:32 +0000

“Higher levels of everyday discrimination were associated with shorter telomeres [marker of premature morbidity] among women who reported that they kept experiences of racism to themselves. There was no association among women who discussed their experiences…with others."

506

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 17:43:31 +0000

"[In Paris,] direct discrimination on the basis of physical appearance is coupled with indirect discrimination based on a set of distinguishing features which… [are] distributed in such a way that … they result in disparities between the different ethnic groups."

505

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 17:29:43 +0000

504

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 16:58:10 +0000

“Between 900 and 1,000 people are killed each year by on-duty police across the United States, but relatively few officers are criminally charged.” When charged, the conviction rate is low, even though a majority (69%) of those charged killed unarmed suspects.

503

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 16:44:58 +0000

“Prosecutors joining police unions would also, likely, bolster the view that prosecutors collude with the police to prevent criminal justice reform from taking root even with reformist elected prosecutors in office and that such offices are usually systemically racist."

502

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 16:39:18 +0000

“Even though there was no racial disparity in the change in recovery rates, the increase in stops of nonwhites implies that the burden of this policy shift occurred primarily for blacks and Hispanics in impact-zone areas” where the NYPD increased “stop and frisk” policing.

501

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 16:23:14 +0000

“We observed no impact on changes in racial disparities of use-of-force incidents in the three sites that provided data on that outcome. Finally, changes in racial disparities associated with pedestrian stops, traffic stops, and arrests are site-and outcome-specific."

500

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 04:03:31 +0000

“We find that the use of force against African American subjects significantly increases the week after an African American individual injures the officer’s peer… Surprisingly … force against a White suspect falls … after a White assailant injures an officer."

499

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 03:56:51 +0000

“We exploit quasirandom variation in supervisor assignment and find that white supervisors are less likely to nominate black officers [for an award] than white… officers… control[ling] for officer characteristics, including experience, arrest record, and misconduct."

498

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 03:39:53 +0000

For urban teens “direct police contact (arrests and stops that do not result in arrest) are associated with reductions in GPA. Second, we find that experiencing vicarious police contact is also associated with reductions in GPA."

497

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 03:26:13 +0000

“In the current political climate…ethnic and racial groups are prevented from using recreation resources by overt racism…law enforcement being called on youth of color recreating in pools… African American couples barbecuing in parks or Latinos speaking Spanish."

496

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 03:08:54 +0000

“African Americans are disproportionately arrested for drug delivery offenses… These disproportions are not due to any extraordinary characteristics of those African American arrestees, the behaviors they engaged in, or the communities in which they were arrested."

495

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 02:53:53 +0000

“In three recent surveys of forensic evaluators [who render reports for judges used for, e.g., criminal responsibility and sentencing decisions], 91–95% of respondents were White."

494

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 02:33:16 +0000

“The perpetrator’s skin tone … significantly affected evidence judgments. Participants who saw the photo of the perpetrator with a dark skin tone judged ambiguous evidence to be significantly more indicative of guilt than participants who saw … a lighter skin tone."

493

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 02:21:44 +0000

“Dealing with bias… was most predictive of stress when other variables were controlled. Officers reporting high stress said they felt stress from racial or ethnic bias and they spent considerable time and energy dealing with and helping other officers deal with prejudice."

492

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 02:12:43 +0000

491

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 01:02:45 +0000

Though the police often view police militarization favorably…there is little support for the idea that militarization improves policework… At the same time, ecological studies find that factors like racial demographics… influence some militarizing behaviors from LEAs."

490

Thu, 09 Jul 2020 21:02:18 +0000

“Decades of criminology research have shown that crime reports… primarily document law enforcement’s response to the reports they receive… rather than [a]… complete record of … crimes that occur… As a result, current systems reinforce bias and sanitize injustice."

489

Thu, 09 Jul 2020 20:52:44 +0000

“Analysis of 911 calls in a major metropolitan area reveals that black people are less likely to dial 911 immediately following the highly publicized assault or death of a black person at the hands of police."

488

Thu, 09 Jul 2020 16:53:13 +0000

“Officers who exhibited high levels of occupational stress reported stress as a consequence of ethnic or racial bias. Moreover, officers reported considerable time and energy was spent helping co-workers deal with this prejudice and bias."

487

Thu, 09 Jul 2020 16:28:26 +0000

“Black people were more strongly associated with weapons, even if violent crime rates were higher for White people than Black people. Thus, the stereotype that Black people are violent reflects more than just an awareness of differential crime rates among Whites and Blacks."

486

Thu, 09 Jul 2020 16:20:27 +0000

“Simply frequenting an area where gangs are known to assemble has landed individuals in a gang database.” & “NYPD officials have acknowledged that as many as 95 percent of the people in its gang database are Black or Latinx.

485

Thu, 09 Jul 2020 16:08:12 +0000

“The us-versus-them orientation of this policing paradigm manifests in decidedly punitive approaches… Such aggressive policing converges on minority communities already distrustful of police."

484

Thu, 09 Jul 2020 16:01:41 +0000

“Protesters’ claims of structural exclusions and state violence threatens the reality and core ideas of the white frame… Instead of engaging with a non-white reality, patriarchal patriots instead focused on the threats and the harms they experienced from the protests."

483

Thu, 09 Jul 2020 15:43:37 +0000

Regarding causes of right wing extremism in Canada, “the majority of key informants in our study claimed that the most obvious factor was a weak law enforcement response… Law enforcement were neither well trained nor motivated to confront the movement."

482

Thu, 09 Jul 2020 15:29:21 +0000

Geographic information systems [GIS] focus on “microspatial ‘hotspots’ of crime” & “Contrary to official rhetoric about the objectivity and precision of GIS, there is no evidence that they have had meaningful implications for the racialized character of policing."

481

Thu, 09 Jul 2020 02:06:47 +0000

“Police officers in the United States killed at least 104 unarmed Black people in 2015… Moreover, unarmed Black people were killed at five times the rate of unarmed Whites in 2015."

480

Thu, 09 Jul 2020 01:48:06 +0000

“Police officers often use the charge of ‘resisting arrest’ to criminalize black people who try to defend themselves from brutal, punitive, and often illegal police actions. They also do so to justify the violence it takes to compel compliance—even … in taking a life."

479

Thu, 09 Jul 2020 01:19:04 +0000

“The criminalized poor of color are characterized as either products of violent environments that should be heavily policed or as irrational people incapable of moral agency who need to be under police surveillance… held responsible today for crimes they may never commit."

478

Wed, 08 Jul 2020 23:41:24 +0000

“White male participants viewed the Black victim as more promiscuous than the White victim when the perpetrator was White.” & “The [incorrect] stereotype of the Black male sexual predator of White women was prevalent for the majority of the sample."

477

Wed, 08 Jul 2020 23:33:23 +0000

“Police officers are not the only ones who derive pleasure from racial domination” & “Whenever Whites have felt too socially or economically close to Blacks, they have lashed out… Trump connects with the White masses by offering them emotional appeasement."

476

Wed, 08 Jul 2020 23:21:36 +0000

“Restrict[ing] the federal transfer of military equipment to local police departments…gives the surface appearance of answering the radical challenges presented by insurgent protest [but] it clearly does not actually address the racism and…brutality which sparks revolt."

475

Wed, 08 Jul 2020 23:17:48 +0000

“The law-and-order policy of the United States… focused only on the visible delinquency of the lower class… as opposed to the veiled criminality of the well-to-do… [targeting] retail sales and consumption of drugs in segregated Black and Latino neighborhoods."

474

Wed, 08 Jul 2020 23:02:28 +0000

“Findings of this research are…deeply morally disturbing… Victims of sexual violence, controlling for whether the assailant is a stranger and whether the attack is a rape, are most influenced in their reporting by the color of the body that attacked them."

473

Wed, 08 Jul 2020 20:47:07 +0000

“Protestors… in opposition to white power activity were perceived by police as ‘disobedient’ … In contrast, white power mobilization was viewed as nonthreatening even though some of the organizing groups have a history of … domestic terrorism."

472

Wed, 08 Jul 2020 20:34:37 +0000

“White supremacist groups have historically engaged in strategic efforts to infiltrate and recruit from law enforcement communities."

471

Wed, 08 Jul 2020 20:28:26 +0000

“The FBI ‘detailed the threat’ of white supremacist groups infiltrating police departments….cautioned that…it would be a significant threat to national security… Despite these warnings, police departments do not have plans in place to out these types of officers."

470

Wed, 08 Jul 2020 16:58:06 +0000

“The police… save white communities from the evils of inner-city crime… They are the heroes who keep Compton in Compton and Chicago in Chicago… This is not something that all white Americans explicitly think or say, but it is the overwhelming narrative of our culture."

469

Wed, 08 Jul 2020 01:13:26 +0000

“While the trends in the total-number of capital-eligible homicides show slight differences for Black and White victim events, the clearance rates are dramatically different. … White victim homicides are more likely to be cleared by arrest."

468

Tue, 07 Jul 2020 22:37:41 +0000

“People who attribute the cause of racial disparities to blacks committing more violations … engage in motivated reasoning.” & “Only a predictable subset of the population is responsive to information about racial disparities in the criminal justice system."

467

Tue, 07 Jul 2020 20:21:22 +0000

“Operation Impact…quickly increased the number of police officers in specific high-crime areas designated as ‘impact zones’” Found significant negative impact of these policies on standardized test scores of black youth in affected areas.

466

Tue, 07 Jul 2020 20:00:31 +0000

“Civil asset forfeiture was originally proposed to halt large criminal enterprises… but… disproportionately affected poor communities and communities of color and focuses too often on … low-level offenses—such as a $60 marijuana sale or a minor traffic infraction."

465

Tue, 07 Jul 2020 19:10:07 +0000

“Racist blue humor plays a role in rendering non-white officers more ‘blue’ than Black, Latino/a, Asian American, and so on…non-white police endure, and appear to adapt to…dominant police cultural norms… as officers of color either assimilate, or are rendered targets."

464

Tue, 07 Jul 2020 19:03:57 +0000

“More than half of the black-white sentence disparity that is unexplained by the arrest offense and offenders' prior traits can be explained by…prosecutors' decision to file charges that carry ‘mandatory minimum’ sentences…65 percent more often against black defendants."

463

Tue, 07 Jul 2020 18:53:49 +0000

“Policing of blacks has been disproportionately aggressive for crimes associated with high levels of police discretion… Racial profiling [is] not limited to…unwarranted searches, but extend[s] to a higher propensity to arrest blacks given a marginal amount of evidence."

462

Tue, 07 Jul 2020 18:32:36 +0000

“African Americans and Latinos who had been stopped and disrespected by the police were less willing to assist them and less likely to believe that the police care … Contact with the police, by itself, had no negative effects on attitudes… police treatment [did]."

461

Tue, 07 Jul 2020 18:12:55 +0000

The Supreme Court’s “Whren decision allows police to use race as a basis for a stop while hiding behind the traffic violation, no matter how minor, as the pretext for the stop… Vice officers … enforce … one as trivial as stopping too long at a stop sign."

460

Tue, 07 Jul 2020 17:58:55 +0000

“Higher-income African Americans report being stopped at about 1.5 times the rate of higher-income white Americans” & “African Americans are nearly twice as likely as white Americans to report a police officer swearing at them.” & “65% think police … racially profile."

459

Tue, 07 Jul 2020 15:38:19 +0000

“Police officers, comedians, and white supremacists all frame their use of racist jokes as an attack against ‘political correctness.'” & “Racist humor facilitates bonding…among white officers, at the same time…they engage in the dehumanization of nonwhite [citizens]."

458

Mon, 06 Jul 2020 22:47:27 +0000

457

Mon, 06 Jul 2020 22:29:03 +0000

“Like previous research I find clear evidence of bias in police-caused killings using data from 2015 to 2018. … Latinos were 1.26 times as likely as whites … Blacks were 1.38 times as likely as whites to have been unarmed prior to getting killed by police."

456

Mon, 06 Jul 2020 22:19:53 +0000

“When higher short-run revenue is necessary, officers shift their limited resources of time to increased targeting of white drivers. … police focus … on people of color in the absence of fiscal distress, despite lower hitrates among these motorists than white drivers."

455

Mon, 06 Jul 2020 01:56:23 +0000

“Research suggests that Black males are often perceived not only as older but more physically threatening…heavier, taller… regardless of their actual height, weight, and musculature. These perceptions then led to justification for more aggressive measures by police."

454

Mon, 06 Jul 2020 01:47:58 +0000

“Astoundingly, implicit stereotypes … often conflict with an individual’s consciously held beliefs… When one considers the shift from overt racism to colorblind racism, the effects of these biases within the criminal justice system are often obscured."

453

Mon, 06 Jul 2020 01:41:22 +0000

Implicit racial bias “drives the increased scrutiny of young African-American males because of a subconscious and automatic association between this group and danger. … In fact, it affects even the most race conscious among us."

452

Mon, 06 Jul 2020 01:37:47 +0000

451

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 23:14:28 +0000

“Through our study findings, we can paint a clear picture of the declines in dangerousness [of policing]… We can also provide an important historical context for the… perceived ‘war on cops’ in recent years, and our…findings reveal no evidence to support those claims."

450

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 20:16:51 +0000

“Officers…with a greater proportion of colleagues previously named in use of force complaints were more likely to be named in subsequent… complaints.” & “Must move beyond a focus on individual officers… [toward] deviant police networks."

449

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 19:56:39 +0000

448

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 19:36:25 +0000

“The homicide of McDonald was also notable for what it revealed in the internal workings of the Chicago Police Department—a culture of silence that protects, rather than roots out, ‘bad apples.'"

447

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 19:23:31 +0000

“Policing practices may have directly increased… the risk that individuals become infected with COVID-19… forced crowding—on streets, in police cars, on buses, and in jails—and the use of ‘riot control agents’ … cornering protesters in tight spaces … (‘kettling’)…"

446

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 18:41:33 +0000

“We need not sit around and wait for proof of racial discrimination per se to draw conclusions about how police power is racialized. The fact that police–civilian encounters can be routinely and predictably disproportionate, racially, should be noteworthy, end of story."

445

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 18:09:46 +0000

“The fact that many of the officers … minimize the problem of race-based disparities, place blame on external actors, including members of the media and the interested public, or deny it outright, suggests an unwillingness to recognize the legitimacy of the … problem."

444

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 18:00:53 +0000

“From a statistical point of view, focusing on one racial group more than another consequently serves as a self-fulfilling prophecy, skewing the crime stats towards that particular racial group, regardless of the ‘true’ crime rate associate with that group."

443

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 17:34:39 +0000

“Virtually all white officers (92%) but only 29% of their black colleagues say that the country has made the changes needed to assure equal rights for blacks. … The views of white officers differ from those of their black colleagues … [and] from those of whites overall."

442

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 17:05:12 +0000

“Black lives are systematically undervalued even when governments do compensate victims of police violence… Courts use race-based actuarial tables to calculate… lower damages valuations for Black lives since the tables estimate that they will live shorter lives."

441

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 16:52:56 +0000

“Governments paid approximately 99.98% … [Police] almost never contributed anything to [civil rights violations] settlements or judgments—even when indemnification was prohibited…and even when officers were disciplined, terminated, or prosecuted for their conduct."

440

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 16:15:21 +0000

“Everything else being equal, Black males were more likely to be questioned and searched by the police; once stopped, they were more likely to be arrested; once arrested, they were more likely to be held for trial rather than being released on bail; once tried, they were…"

439

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 16:07:20 +0000

“Police officers correctly responded more quickly to guns, but more slowly to nonguns, held by Black targets than by targets of any other race.” & “Reaction time bias to shoot Black targets increased as a function of … prejudice reported on the discrimination scale."

438

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 15:54:08 +0000

The more “stereotypically Black” a black murderer looks, the more experimental participants were willing to punish the offender, but only when the victim was white.

437

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 15:42:27 +0000

“Reading about Black criminals dramatically increased … tendency to make a stereotypic pattern of errors (shooting unarmed Blacks, failing to shoot armed Whites)… When information reinforced … the stereotypic link between Blacks and danger … errors increased."

436

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 15:33:43 +0000

“When trying to understand…behaviors of individuals who are in a position to discriminate… one cannot rely on explicitly espoused attitudes alone, but…may need to understand…the motivation of the individuals to conceal their prejudice and certain implicit attitudes."

435

Sat, 04 Jul 2020 23:12:57 +0000

"[Bias] training may actually normalize stereotyping by promoting the notion that implicit bias is common and expected, thereby decreasing trainees' guilt and motivation to overcome it. … This possibility could have catastrophic implications for law enforcement."

434

Sat, 04 Jul 2020 22:59:51 +0000

“Blacks were more likely to be stopped compared to both their Census and accident data estimates. This is the only racial/ethnic group in this analysis that is consistently stopped in greater proportion than their driving population would indicate."

433

Sat, 04 Jul 2020 22:45:40 +0000

“Pervasive stereotypes linking Blacks and Latinos with violence, crime, and even specifically weapons are likely to cause [police] to make misattributions in…the intentions and behaviors of citizens. This can lead to racially disparate rates of…arrests and use of force."

432

Sat, 04 Jul 2020 22:30:01 +0000

“The science tells us that if you hire from the human race, you’re going to be hiring biased individuals. There’s an extensive and growing body of research across all professions—… yes, police as well… [But] the stakes for policing are so incredibly high."

431

Sat, 04 Jul 2020 20:16:49 +0000

“Police killings were positively and significantly associated with syphilis and gonorrhoea rates among Black residents. Each additional police killing in 2015 was associated with syphilis rates that were 7.5% higher and gonorrhoea rates that were 4.0% higher in 2016."

430

Sat, 04 Jul 2020 19:59:19 +0000

“Arrest-driven aggressive order maintenance strategies directly affect people of color. Greater race, class, and gender inequality was associated with higher order maintenance arrest rates of Black residents even after … crime rates, and other … factors were controlled."

429

Sat, 04 Jul 2020 19:15:31 +0000

“A criminal suspect with a prior record is substantially more apt than a suspect without a criminal record to be arrested by police.” & “Black suspects with a prior criminal history also fail to have an elevated likelihood of arrest unless they target White victims."

428

Sat, 04 Jul 2020 19:05:04 +0000

“Black drug arrests are likelier in predominantly White … neighborhoods. Unlike their White counterparts, … Black drug offenders [don’t] travel to White neighborhoods to engage in drug offending… Officers' raised suspicion of Blacks in White areas…"

427

Sat, 04 Jul 2020 18:51:11 +0000

“African American women may need more extensive resources to maintain their safety… Funds may do more good if directed toward improving … shelter-based organizations, rather than focusing solely on criminal justice system response to domestic violence."

426

Sat, 04 Jul 2020 18:42:36 +0000

“Black victims were less likely than white and Hispanic/Latino victims to have received any given service. Among those who were unaware of services, black victims were much more likely to be interested."

425

Sat, 04 Jul 2020 18:23:51 +0000

“In the last decade, approximately 76% of [Oakland’s] homicide victims were black. During that time period, police made arrests in approximately 40% of Oakland homicides involving black victims and approximately 80% of homicides involving white victims."

424

Sat, 04 Jul 2020 18:18:00 +0000

“Collectively … results … provide suggestive evidence that it is an urge to provide a socially desirable response, not a desire for racial justice, that makes whites less likely to state that shooting is justified when explicit racial cues are present."

423

Sat, 04 Jul 2020 18:09:21 +0000

“Most official records of who commits crime are really statistics on who gets arrested and convicted. If, as we will show, the police are more likely to arrest some people than others, these official statistics may tell us more about police behavior than about criminals."

422

Sat, 04 Jul 2020 17:56:05 +0000

“Journalists' tweeting generally sided with police… When they themselves were subject to police action, tweets from the journalists took a more sympathetic turn; breathing the same tear gas seemingly inspired greater sympathy for the protesters and their cause."

421

Sat, 04 Jul 2020 17:43:46 +0000

“Of the officers responsible for the roughly 13,000 police killings between 2005 and 2018, only about 0.002% were ever convicted of a crime."

420

Fri, 03 Jul 2020 16:48:16 +0000

“Asserting one’s rights and symbolic resistance were uncommon strategies for both [Black] male and female respondents. This finding is expected given what we know about ‘the talk’—a set of instructions traditionally passed down from black parent to child."

419

Fri, 03 Jul 2020 16:44:03 +0000

“Unlike arrests for Whites, officers reported a larger and varied set of factors that motivated their contacts and eventual arrests of Blacks.” & “They invoked case law to justify these stops and surveillance on a lower legal basis than that for Whites."

418

Fri, 03 Jul 2020 16:12:53 +0000

“This project brought 24 young Black men and 14 police officers together for a three-week… intervention.” & “Data failed to capture any significant perception change … by the officers… average ‘neutral’ response when asked about their trust towards young Black men."

417

Thu, 02 Jul 2020 19:46:38 +0000

“When school districts expand resources for school police, minority students are disciplined more intensively.” & “Relative to White students, Black and Hispanic students are less likely to graduate high school and enroll in college” as a result of school police funding.

416

Thu, 02 Jul 2020 19:30:43 +0000

415

Thu, 02 Jul 2020 19:06:25 +0000

[Brazil] “Controlling for all the considered individual level characteristics, verbal and physical victimization probability is statistically … higher for darker skin tone individuals… This pattern confirms … discrimination in the use of police force."

414

Thu, 02 Jul 2020 18:52:23 +0000

“The toxic stress caused by racism…the need for new rules and standards to reduce extreme racial disparities in arrests for low-level offenses—disparities that are a cause of so much stress and trauma for African Americans."

413

Thu, 02 Jul 2020 17:31:43 +0000

“Our findings indicated a consistent and statistically significant phenomenon that privileges light-skinned adolescents in their encounters with the police. Light-skinned teens were significantly less likely to be stopped by the police than other teens."

412

Thu, 02 Jul 2020 17:23:37 +0000

“Using a sample of 12,376 sworn law enforcement officers in 98 agencies… Officers perceiving [low public support of police] … become much more distrustful of the public, and are more likely to justify the use of coercive tactics in the course of police work."

411

Thu, 02 Jul 2020 17:10:06 +0000

* Frivolous race-based police calls “are particularly dangerous for Black people because they are rooted in private acts of force that are given legitimacy by law when White citizens enlist the police to enforce racial boundaries."*

410

Thu, 02 Jul 2020 15:56:23 +0000

Contact with police is a key vector through which children…come under the scrutiny of child welfare systems" & “Disparities originating in criminal justice may drift across organizational boundaries to reinforce the deep racial inequalities…of American child protection."

409

Thu, 02 Jul 2020 15:45:41 +0000

“Vicarious police contact among blacks and personal contact among Hispanics both shared a stronger inverse association with self-reported health than among whites. … Police contact is more strongly linked to worse self-reported health among nonwhites."

408

Thu, 02 Jul 2020 15:38:10 +0000

“We find that racial prejudice has a positive effect on the beliefs that police violence is justified. Finally, we find that among white respondents with higher levels of racial prejudice, police violence against black citizens is perceived as more justified."

407

Thu, 02 Jul 2020 15:26:01 +0000

“The [DOJ] reports demonstrate that officers frequently subjected [African Americans] to verbal abuse… Investigators found that officers' use of racially-charged language and crude jokes created a culture where blacks were dehumanized."

406

Thu, 02 Jul 2020 14:55:54 +0000

“This string of constitutional precedent … expand[s] the concept of ‘driving while black’ to include ‘parking while black’ … the effect of it being next to impossible to limit seizures based on racial profiling justified by reasonable suspicion of a parking violation."

405

Wed, 01 Jul 2020 18:16:39 +0000

“Young [Black] men… made frequent reference to officers' inability to apprehend…assailants… Study participants also ascribed the small probability that suspects would be arrested to their prevailing view that police did not care about making communities of color safe."

404

Wed, 01 Jul 2020 17:43:43 +0000

403

Wed, 01 Jul 2020 16:54:30 +0000

Criminalizing black youth by outlawing music genres popular with Black youth in Britain.

402

Wed, 01 Jul 2020 16:48:34 +0000

401

Wed, 01 Jul 2020 16:23:53 +0000

In a review of 75 police departments' use-of-force guidelines, finds: - 51% mention mental health; - 31% require exhaustion of non-force alternatives; - 27% require intervening in excessive use of force; - 17% require force to be proportional to threat; - 12% mention bias

400

Wed, 01 Jul 2020 01:14:25 +0000

“For whites , anti-black racial stereotyping was a significant positive predictor of approval for the use of both reasonable and excessive force against a black offender, but had a negative or non-significant effect when the offender was white."

399

Wed, 01 Jul 2020 00:51:49 +0000

“Our results suggest that transfers of military equipment to police departments has a fragmenting effect on civic engagement. Black households reduce charitable giving. The relative impact of police militarization is consistently worse for black households."

398

Wed, 01 Jul 2020 00:39:14 +0000

“An officer’s testimony that he/she feared for his/her life, that he/she was in a high-crime area, that it was late at night, and that he/she thought the suspect had a gun, will often be enough to support the conclusion that the officer acted reasonably."

397

Wed, 01 Jul 2020 00:17:30 +0000

“White Americans tend to believe that the police and the courts are fair… Consequently, White Americans are less likely to endorse protests as helpful or positive, and are quicker to label those engaged in collective action as ‘thugs’ or ‘criminals.'"

396

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 20:52:00 +0000

“These results raise the possibility of a particularly vicious cycle … it is easy to imagine how an erosion in public trust could lead to increased unreasonable force, further eroding public trust."

395

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 18:37:04 +0000

“Vicarious experiences clearly play an important role among African Nova Scotian women: despite rarely having confrontations with the police… awareness of the negative experiences faced by the Black men and boys in their lives shaped how participants perceived the police."

394

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 18:32:35 +0000

“Controlling for the severity of the offense… law enforcement is significantly less likely to take a report and significantly less likely to make an arrest when the crime is hate motivated.” & “Police response to hate crime…[is] very differently from non-hate… crimes."

393

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 17:25:00 +0000

12% of local police officers are black; 4% of local police chiefs are black; 12% of local police officers are female; 3% of local police chiefs are female

392

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 17:15:37 +0000

“State self-defense laws provide a legal mechanism through which residents of a neighborhood can…intimidate, punish…effectively allowing residents of White neighborhoods to police people who stand out…because of their race and ensuring that [they] never fully belong."

391

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 17:10:10 +0000

“Confronting our complicity in perpetuating racism is much more difficult than simply acknowledging our implicit bias…sacrificing true progress on the altar of smug self-congratulation…. Condemn tiki-torch Nazis but…fail to take on…substantive programs for…justice”

390

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 16:59:14 +0000

“Overall, it is clear that the ostensible aim of technologies to quell uneven practices such as racial profiling, can end up misaligning with those stated aims or being directly inimical to them; instead further racializing vulnerable groups under the cloak of impartiality."

389

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 16:54:16 +0000

“Implicit and explicit bias in policing are important problems that need to be addressed. … However, the contemporary focus on implicit and explicit biases obscures another significant contributor to police violence: legal doctrine."

388

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 16:50:22 +0000

“The contemporary constitutional law framework for police violence [‘framing it as a series of…individual disputes’] is part of the web of law … that enables police violence to remain an ingrained … form of structural harm that communities of color are subjected to."

387

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 16:33:53 +0000

“Being older and more conservative correspond with more support for police militarization, whereas being Black reduces support for militarization.” & “Opposition to militarization…cannot…be reduced to anti-police mentalities… They are largely a function of legitimacy."

386

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 16:18:08 +0000

“Unraveling how and why racialized crime management became a political priority alongside urban crisis and changing residential property regimes is essential for theorizing contemporary crises in policing."

385

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 16:07:15 +0000

“White individuals…tend to view criticism of police…as threats to their…dominant status.” & “White youth who identified as Republican consistently reported more positive perceptions of law enforcement than [those] who identify as Democratic."

384

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 15:50:08 +0000

“Algorithms are capable of racism.” & “Machine learning endows an algorithm with the ability to learn, mimic, and refine patterns that exist in the real world. In … policing, machine learning allows an algorithm to associate race and criminality, and thereby discriminate."

383

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 15:18:20 +0000

“The two studies provide[] compelling evidence that blacks in highly segregated cities experience greater exposure to police violence… Large cities are divided into ‘free-fire zones’ where police violence is prevalent and acceptable, and ‘sleepy hollows’ where it is not."

382

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 15:16:26 +0000

“Distinguishing between participants who approved of police violence and those who did not… race was the strongest predictor… In addition, participants were twice as likely to attribute disparities… to… less in-born ability to learn …rather than to discrimination."

381

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 15:01:00 +0000

“US policing as liberal pacification” –> “US policing in particular ends up maintaining and reinforcing substantive intersecting racial and class divisions, precisely because of its avowed formal neutrality."

380

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 15:00:05 +0000

“The over-policing that criminality (real and perceived) is used to justify… supports the notion that [Black people] are inherently crime-prone, and saddles many with the markers of a criminal record, thus … hampering future economic prospects."

379

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 14:22:44 +0000

“Media outlets tend to focus on the victimization of White women.” & “There were fewer stories about Latina/Black female victims… and the narrative content tended to be unsympathetic (e.g., bad person, risk-taker/complicit, bad environment)."

378

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 02:10:42 +0000

“A female offender’s race/ethnicity was the strongest predictor of a [news] story’s overall tone… Stories about white female offenders were more likely to have neutral or favorable tones than stories about minority female offenders."

377

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 01:41:18 +0000

“Among Black victims, the probability of reporting crime declines as their perceptions that the police are ineffective increases. Additionally, … perceived police ineffectiveness is more pronounced among Blacks, resulting in a reluctance to seek police intervention."

376

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 01:32:06 +0000

“Though body-worn cameras may go some way to curbing racial bias in policing, they are almost certainly not the panacea that some people initially hoped they would be… What is needed is change in recruiting, organizational culture, training, and accountability mechanisms."

375

Tue, 30 Jun 2020 01:27:13 +0000

“If [policing] data … was collected and produced in a racially biased fashion, then the predictions that are generated by the algorithm will reflect these biases.” & “Predictive policing depends on a closed, racialized past and produces a closed, racialized future."

374

Mon, 29 Jun 2020 19:01:35 +0000

“I find that low-level policing in suburbs diminished between 1990 and 2014, but such policing was more common and more racially disproportionate there than in cities by the end of the study period."

373

Mon, 29 Jun 2020 18:53:51 +0000

“60 percent [of black adults] reported that they or a family member have been unfairly stopped or treated by the police because they are black… 31 percent reported that they have avoided calling the police because of concerns of discrimination."

372

Mon, 29 Jun 2020 18:03:16 +0000

“Black middle and high school students are over three times more likely [than white students] to attend a school with more security staff than mental health personnel."

371

Mon, 29 Jun 2020 17:21:43 +0000

“In most states black, Latino and special-needs (disabled) students get referred to police and courts disproportionately."

370

Mon, 29 Jun 2020 17:04:18 +0000

“Race is not a causal factor for [middle school] disciplinary findings… Reporting racial statistics, in isolation without proper context, is misleading and reinforces a perspective that may… lead to over-policing schools with high numbers of Black… students."

369

Mon, 29 Jun 2020 16:55:04 +0000

“Police data generated by the unlawful or biased practices and policies of a specific police department or division can corrupt practices and data in other jurisdictions … [who] incorporate such data into their own predictive policing systems."

368

Mon, 29 Jun 2020 16:33:30 +0000

“We present the first causal evidence suggesting that [broken-windows policing], which emphasizes extensive police contact at low levels of suspicious behavior, can lower the educational performance of African American boys, with implications for … racial inequality."

367

Mon, 29 Jun 2020 16:16:20 +0000

“In many … shootings, police officers did not know who they were encountering or know their criminal background… After deadly force encounters involving black people, the media consistently called into question the criminal histories placing blame solely on the victim."

366

Mon, 29 Jun 2020 01:28:43 +0000

“There are significant potential psychological and emotional effects that may be experienced and felt by Black men in the United States who have seen, heard or read about by police induced trauma…72%… worried about being fatally shot by law enforcement on a daily basis."

365

Mon, 29 Jun 2020 01:04:09 +0000

“African-Americans… are also disproportionately subject to the types of white-collar crime that target the poor and disadvantaged… Some of these are the most serious forms of white-collar crime, including environmental offenses and workplace safety regulations."

364

Mon, 29 Jun 2020 00:58:57 +0000

“African Americans and other disadvantaged minorities are highly unlikely to be charged with such white collar crimes as antitrust or corporate wrong-doing."

363

Sun, 28 Jun 2020 17:24:37 +0000

“Stereotypes appear to be leading to a systematic distortion in the perception of a neighborhood’s crime rate.” & “Measures of crime based on official reports … cannot explain all, or even most, of the influence of racial composition on perceptions of neighborhood crime."

362

Sun, 28 Jun 2020 17:09:34 +0000

“Despite stereotypes to the contrary—black mixed-race men do not experience any privilege on the basis of their proximity to whiteness and extended white sociality, in the context of police contact."

361

Sun, 28 Jun 2020 17:06:22 +0000

"[We] examine the effects of a lethal force incident on … assessments of police… The police shooting and [its] handling civil unrest… resulted in no major initial shifts in attitude by non-Black residents… African Americans felt considerably more distrustful."

360

Sun, 28 Jun 2020 02:40:24 +0000

“Readers' memories of Afrocentric features are significantly more pronounced when the news stories concern … violent crime… [In reconstructing photos displayed in crime stories] Afrocentric features were significantly more pronounced than the actual photograph depicted."

359

Sun, 28 Jun 2020 01:02:48 +0000

“Whites have long been overrepresented in … white-collar crime such as corporate crime, investment fraud, and securities fraud.” & “We have… a view of race as having a single impact on crime based on disadvantage, without examining… crime… [based on] advantage."

358

Sat, 27 Jun 2020 20:51:49 +0000

“Racial discrimination in school discipline is a real problem.” & “A police officer’s regular presence at a school is predictive of greater odds that school officials refer students to law enforcement for … lower-level offenses that … teachers should handle themselves."

357

Sat, 27 Jun 2020 20:06:07 +0000

“News coverage did not emphasize the peaceful [BLM protest] activities; instead, activities were most often covered when conflict occurred.” & “It is much harder for peaceful protests… to get any media attention… Media gave less space to the… agendas of protesters."

356

Sat, 27 Jun 2020 19:49:44 +0000

“Poorly performing police were evaluated more positively when operating in a predominantly African American community than when… operating in a predominantly White community… It may be that participants expect less… from police… [in] African American communities."

355

Sat, 27 Jun 2020 18:16:06 +0000

A ten-minute in-home “positive, non-enforcement police–public interaction” improves attitudes toward police, especially “among racial minorities and those who held the most negative views toward police at baseline. [This] underscores the power of positive contact."

354

Sat, 27 Jun 2020 17:25:54 +0000

“Big data policing must acknowledge that race is still part of modern policing… This admission pushes back against the facile claim that the issue of race can be removed by ‘objective,’ data-driven policing or that new big data technologies avoid racially biased effects."

353

Sat, 27 Jun 2020 17:14:31 +0000

“A unique paradox for Black women [victims]: the fear of unjust harm to their partners through… [a] racially motivated police response and the simultaneous sense of futility in a justice system that may not sufficiently prioritize [Intimate partner and sexual violence]."

352

Sat, 27 Jun 2020 16:57:45 +0000

“After controlling for available incident and officer characteristics… black and Latino complainants [of Chicago police misconduct] were 87 percent and 51 percent less likely, respectively, to see their allegations sustained… the disparity… widens in black… areas."

351

Sat, 27 Jun 2020 16:48:58 +0000

“There is continuing large-scale resistance by elite and ordinary white Americans to contemporary black protest movements… Many commentators in the… mainstream media and in the white public have continued to delegitimize … #BLM protests."

350

Fri, 26 Jun 2020 21:23:38 +0000

“Results revealed that black citizens were no more likely than white ones to display noncompliance, and the strength of their resistance did not vary across officer race. White officers used higher levels of force against black suspects (controlling for resistance)."

349

Fri, 26 Jun 2020 21:21:32 +0000

“At present, however, the perceptions captured by survey data indicate that policing in the USA does protect and serve white communities, while often oppressing minority communities."

348

Fri, 26 Jun 2020 21:19:36 +0000

“The current study findings lend support to the notion that transgender people, and particularly transgender [Latina] people of colour, are frequent victims of verbal, physical, and sexual abuse perpetrated by law enforcement officers."

347

Fri, 26 Jun 2020 01:03:07 +0000

“When Black men challenged the police, it proved harmful for them, as they were often… jailed, or assaulted. Black women… challenging officers’ actions… were generally freed… Compliance toward the police led to favorable outcomes for men…and unfavorable for women."

346

Fri, 26 Jun 2020 00:53:42 +0000

Suburban Black citizens face mistreatment from police “defending” Whites. They are “not protected by suburban status but rather became more vulnerable as a result of it… It is where black and white spaces overlap… that the true rigidity of inequality becomes apparent."

345

Fri, 26 Jun 2020 00:13:02 +0000

“Black male [offender]s were… less likely to have been diagnosed with ADHD, than White males, despite controlling for… behavioral indicators, and prior offending… Black males were approximately 60% as likely to receive psychiatric treatment."

344

Thu, 25 Jun 2020 22:34:37 +0000

“Christian nationalist ideology influences Americans to draw sharper ethnic boundaries such that they are more likely to see black Americans as outsiders and deviants and therefore deserving of whatever treatment they receive from the police."

343

Thu, 25 Jun 2020 22:19:28 +0000

“Implicit biases, stereotyping, and other cultural factors may… contribute to perceptions by decision makers that a Black girl has run afoul of institutional norms, and that punishment, rather than restorative or therapeutic responses, is warranted."

342

Thu, 25 Jun 2020 19:54:06 +0000

“We found that the frequency of police stops [of black and Latino adolescents] predicted more frequent engagement in delinquent behavior 6, 12, and 18 mo later, whereas delinquent behavior did not predict subsequent reports of police stops."

341

Thu, 25 Jun 2020 19:40:13 +0000

“Data being used in the predictive policing analysis is based on previous policing patterns… We know poor black and Latino communities are over-policed. Thus ‘predictive’ … policing will likely serve to further associate blackness with criminality."

340

Thu, 25 Jun 2020 17:56:26 +0000

“Hassling by the police that is perceived as being racist also appears to promote … illegal behavior for some Black adolescents, especially those who are high in RP [racial pride]… In the absence of police discrimination, RP is associated with less illegal behavior."

339

Thu, 25 Jun 2020 17:19:59 +0000

“Results of this study raise grave concerns that African Americans and Hispanics are over-stopped, over-frisked, over-searched, and over-arrested… after controlling for the violent and property crime rates in the specific reporting district and a host of other variables."

338

Thu, 25 Jun 2020 17:14:54 +0000

“State mandatory expulsion laws predict a 0.5 percentage point increase in suspensions and a nearly 3-times larger increase in the rate of suspension of Black students than White students… while, in the view of principals, not reducing overall levels of misbehavior."

337

Thu, 25 Jun 2020 17:10:10 +0000

“School Police Officers represent a workforce seemingly underprepared to achieve the goals of their work but who also possess relatively high authority and discretion.” & “No support for the assumption that SPO presence deters negative behavior."

336

Thu, 25 Jun 2020 16:38:33 +0000

“Our analysis demonstrates wide geographic variation in the incidence of fatal police violence… areas of the count[r]y with low rates overall tended to also exhibit the most severe Black-White inequities."

335

Thu, 25 Jun 2020 16:19:05 +0000

“Many African Americans have ties to the police that would appear to be informal and friendly… living in an urban area with crime decreased the chances of knowing an officer. … [W]here the need for informal ties … is most pressing, they are least likely to exist."

334

Thu, 25 Jun 2020 01:18:58 +0000

“Our comparison of fruitless searches to arrest rates also allows us to assess the efficiency or accuracy of whatever demographic targeting the police may be doing. In all this, we find that White male officers are in a category of their own [often searching fruitlessly]."

333

Thu, 25 Jun 2020 00:48:11 +0000

Finds that Black mothers, despite negative experiences with police, “felt obligated to present police as positive figures to prevent their sons from responding to police in negative ways."

332

Wed, 24 Jun 2020 21:26:51 +0000

“These findings demonstrate disproportionate rates of incarceration among transgender women, especially among women of color [who]… were not only incarcerated at higher rates than White non-Hispanic transgender women, but also experienced higher rates of victimization."

331

Wed, 24 Jun 2020 21:03:12 +0000

“We can document very clearly the extent and nature of those [law enforcement] racial disparities that do exist. These are substantial, growing, and unjustified by the crime-fighting value of the policies that lead to them."

330

Wed, 24 Jun 2020 20:55:04 +0000

“Relevant research … debunks the correlation of crime rates and excessive use of force tactics against people of color.” & “No correlation between the level of violent crime in a city and that city’s rate of fatal police shootings."

329

Wed, 24 Jun 2020 20:33:28 +0000

“Police recruits spend 7x as many hours training to shoot than they do training to de-escalate situations.” & “Black people were more likely to be killed by police, more likely to be unarmed and less likely to be threatening someone when killed."

328

Wed, 24 Jun 2020 20:07:54 +0000

“Narratives of… students of color reveal that campus policing is an emerging issue… Without critical examination… [universities] will continue to reproduce a hostile environment based on law and order rather than safety and care."

327

Wed, 24 Jun 2020 18:42:38 +0000

“Concerns about [police officers] being killed on the job, although serious, have been greatly over exaggerated to warrant dramatic increases in police shootings and killing of unarmed suspects of color."

326

Wed, 24 Jun 2020 18:29:30 +0000

“Police agencies in Missouri have indeed changed their behavior regarding traffic stops in the post-Ferguson era, most likely as a result of the intense public scrutiny… Yet, such a pullback in police activity has not led to more crime."

325

Wed, 24 Jun 2020 18:21:25 +0000

“When considering Black drivers being stopped for seatbelt violations, Black drivers are 398 percent more likely than White drivers to receive a cita¬≠tion as opposed to a written warning, or nearly four times as likely."

324

Wed, 24 Jun 2020 18:13:15 +0000

By focusing traffic stops on actual moving violations rather than officer “investigatory” stops, “Both measures of Black non-Hispanic traffic stop disparities were reduced” & “All three measures of negative traffic outcomes [crashes, injuries, fatalities] were also reduced."

323

Wed, 24 Jun 2020 15:34:46 +0000

Fryer (finally) shows some* regret that his results have been the racists’ favorite rallying cry.*

322

Tue, 23 Jun 2020 20:16:07 +0000

“Between 2013 and 2017, a Black person in Toronto was nearly 20 times more likely than a White person to be involved in a fatal shooting by the Toronto Police Service (TPS).” & “The more serious the police conduct and lethal the outcome, the greater the over-representation."

321

Tue, 23 Jun 2020 17:09:05 +0000

“Hispanics have a worse relationship with the police than whites but better than African Americans… Rather than a single ‘minority group’ orientation to the police, the general pattern is a racial hierarchy taking the form of a white/Asian/Latino/black continuum."

320

Tue, 23 Jun 2020 16:27:12 +0000

“Negative sentiments toward Blacks were observed frequently during gatherings of White [police] recruits… leading officers to believe that … inclusion of African Americans in policing represent a decline in standards."

319

Tue, 23 Jun 2020 14:44:31 +0000

“Across all crime benchmarks in all years, there is substantial evidence of anti-Black racial disparities in the killing of unarmed noncriminals by police. Here, we fail to recover the principle findings of Cesario et al. (2019)."

318

Tue, 23 Jun 2020 14:20:22 +0000

“Black male drivers are two to three times more likely to experience a search than white males, even when controlling for other predictors of search. … Thus, racial disparities in traffic stop searches cannot be ‘explained away.'"

317

Tue, 23 Jun 2020 14:06:23 +0000

“Young black men are 21 times as likely as their white peers to be killed by police… The black boys killed can be disturbingly young. There were 41 teens 14 years or younger reported killed by police from 1980 to 2012. 27 of them were black."

316

Tue, 23 Jun 2020 03:05:16 +0000

“Across almost all counties, individuals who were unarmed and shot by police had a much higher probability of being black or hispanic than being white… [Those] shot by police had a higher median probability of being unarmed black individuals than being armed white[s]."

315

Tue, 23 Jun 2020 02:05:57 +0000

“Persons who identified as Black (or Black British) were over 3 times as likely to be arrested than those who identified themselves as White” and “In the year ending March 2019, those who identify as Black or Black British were 9.7 times as likely to be stopped."

314

Mon, 22 Jun 2020 20:37:06 +0000

“Health care systems … should take a clear position that the disproportionate killing of black (and indigenous and Latinx) people at the hands of police runs counter to their commitment to ensuring the health, safety, and well-being of patients."

313

Mon, 22 Jun 2020 20:30:44 +0000

“Policing perpetuates racial housing segregation”

312

Mon, 22 Jun 2020 20:15:34 +0000

Externalities of police killings on neighborhoods: “Women living in lethally surveilled neighborhoods [more police killings] face a greater risk of morbidity than comparable women living in less lethal neighborhoods.” (forthcoming @ERSjournal; @aasewell @DrKLG4Health)

311

Mon, 22 Jun 2020 19:01:33 +0000

"[Journalists'] recycled metaphors and modifiers such as jungle, predator, epidemic, infested, viral, and bred or breeding tell us that the places and people we are encountering are somehow bestial, pestilent, or otherwise uncivilized… conditions that ‘breed’ crime."

310

Mon, 22 Jun 2020 18:53:07 +0000

Finds significant under-reporting of “legal intervention homicides” in several national systems, but finds from available data that “the annual rate of police homicide (0.24/100‚000) varied 5-fold by state and 8-fold by race/ethnicity."

309

Mon, 22 Jun 2020 18:28:51 +0000

“Our analysis shows that the risk of being killed by police is jointly patterned by one’s race, gender, and age… Young men of color face exceptionally high risk of being killed by police. Inequalities in risk are pronounced throughout the life course."

308

Mon, 22 Jun 2020 17:57:44 +0000

“Incidents with white statutory rape victims had higher arrest odds irrespective of the offender’s race, whereas incidents with minority race/ethnicity victims tended to have fewer arrests."

307

Mon, 22 Jun 2020 02:24:11 +0000

When police respond to domestic violence calls, “where both parties in the couple were White, the odds of arrest decreased by just less than .8 times."

306

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 22:43:58 +0000

“The black-on-white homicide rate is a significant predictor of officer-involved killings whereas black-on-black homicides and measures for political and economic threat are unrelated to police killings… consistent with a body of … evidence of police discrimination."

305

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 22:36:38 +0000

“The findings suggest that when African American police executives reach the very pinnacle of their careers and are at the most public of positions, they experience dramatically increased resistance from whites about their commands."

304

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 22:20:37 +0000

“Compared to other women, Black rape survivors are judged as less truthful and more to blame for their rapes. Black rape survivors are also less likely to seek supportive interventions and to disclose or report their rapes."

303

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 22:09:36 +0000

“Camera-friendly policing suggests that raising police visibility may not reveal undisciplined police work, but offer the police a sophisticated mechanism with which to conceal undisciplined police work… to act more disciplined.

302

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 21:59:57 +0000

“Racial factors demonstrably influenced rape judgments… Participants judged women raped interracially as more blameworthy than those raped intraracially. Men recommended harsher sentences for Black … strangers. Racism scores positively predicted men’s victim blaming."

301

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 21:37:29 +0000

“Racist ideologies and the ideology of individual responsibility thus enjoy a symbiotic relationship, together forming a worldview in which racial disparity in incarceration is explicable, justifiable, and necessary."

300

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 21:14:02 +0000

“In this book African-American police officers provide much evidence of everyday racism in the routine operation of policing… The racial hostility and discrimination … are commonplace, recurring… and damaging to… both officers and civilians."

299

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 19:21:00 +0000

“Black [Canadian] youth are more likely to be charged and less likely to be cautioned than White youth. … Racial discrimination may play a role in how police select youth to be diverted from the formal court system for minor offenses in Canada."

298

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 19:03:52 +0000

“Most white Americans believe racism is yesterday’s dragon, valiantly slain during the civil rights era… This, in turn, greatly frustrates efforts to mobilize support for policies aimed at combating continuing racial injustice."

297

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 19:01:38 +0000

“When asked to what degree various racial groups are ‘prone to violence,’ whites rank people of color as more violence-prone than their own race…. Whites … significantly overestimate the proportion of crime committed by blacks and Latinos."

296

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 18:55:17 +0000

Same PNAS paper fails to control for population, demographic, and suicidality rates. “Contrary to [Johnson et al.’s] claim, their data are entirely consistent with the public perception that young male victims of fatal use of force are disproportionally Black."

295

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 18:45:46 +0000

A PNAS paper finding no racial bias confuses (i) probability of black person being shot by police with (ii) probability of shooting victim being black. “Johnson et al.’s analysis cannot recover these shooting rates because all observations in the data involve shootings."

294

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 18:28:28 +0000

“Recent work on race and policing, including some by public administration scholars, has tested the community violence hypothesis but has failed to find evidence that violent crime rates correlate with police-involved homicides of Black citizens."

293

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 18:08:20 +0000

292

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 16:17:45 +0000

“What is self-evident is that the potential for racialised policing to become hardwired, codified and concealed within police and law enforcement technology tools is alarmingly high, increasing further the reality of racialised criminalisation."

291

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 16:11:18 +0000

290

Sun, 21 Jun 2020 03:07:25 +0000

“There is a significant history in the United States of white people calling the police on innocent people of color… [One explanation is that] these individuals are… utilizing law enforcement as their own personal race police."

289

Sat, 20 Jun 2020 20:31:44 +0000

“Criminal justice practitioners cannot eliminate all disparities from the system alone… Minority overrepresentation in the criminal justice system is the end result of disparate treatment in … education, jobs, sustainable income, and affordable housing."

288

Sat, 20 Jun 2020 19:35:52 +0000

“We find that post-litigation affirmative action increased the shares of black officers, and substantially reduced both racial disparities in crime victimization, and rates of black crime victimization, without increasing rates of white crime victimization."

287

Sat, 20 Jun 2020 19:18:22 +0000

“Over the past thirty years, the most severe effects of criminal justice policies and practices have been concentrated in staggering proportions on one group—young African American males from inner cities and low-income communities."

286

Sat, 20 Jun 2020 18:57:47 +0000

“Tied to the oppressive nature of schools that over-police and and criminalize Black girls… During ages five to fourteen, Black girls are perceived by adults to be less innocent and more adult-like… and therefore increasingly experience unfair punishment."

285

Sat, 20 Jun 2020 18:04:57 +0000

“Experience with community policing was positively associated with support for the practice… The second most consistent predictor of officer support… is officers' political ideology… More conservative officers were generally less supportive of community policing."

284

Sat, 20 Jun 2020 17:35:18 +0000

"[Bureau of Justice Statistics] ARD program captured approximately 49% of law enforcement homicides, while the [FBI’s] SHR captured 46%. An estimated 28% of the law enforcement homicides in the United States are not captured by either system."

283

Sat, 20 Jun 2020 17:19:06 +0000

“Blue hate crime laws contain a racially divisive message that pits police and Black citizens against each other. Framing police as the victims of hate crime inevitably functions to indict Black citizens as the source of this violent persecution."

282

Sat, 20 Jun 2020 17:14:40 +0000

281

Sat, 20 Jun 2020 05:02:29 +0000

“Predictive policing and actuarial justice tools—including algorithms that do not include race in their design—produce racially-disparate results that intensify policing of already over-policed communities.

280

Sat, 20 Jun 2020 02:31:06 +0000

279

Sat, 20 Jun 2020 02:17:19 +0000

In local television news stories of crime, “Whites are far more likely than blacks to be presented as victims. Only as alleged or identified perpetrators do African-Americans dominate newscasts. This reinforces racist stereotypes."

278

Sat, 20 Jun 2020 01:48:10 +0000

The circulation of explicitly racist electronic media amongst police officers is widespread and well-documented… Images that depict Obama as a racial threat to police officers are pervasive throughout the digital sphere of police culture."

277

Sat, 20 Jun 2020 01:07:54 +0000

People with “more frequent and meaningful contact with Blacks and other minority groups,” with “more favorability toward Whites than Blacks” or with greater “conservativism” were more likely to justify police brutality and to oppose BLM.

276

Sat, 20 Jun 2020 00:25:58 +0000

“Baltimore’s police department… is 44% black, but its FOP has never had a black leader. The D.C. FOP chapter board is mainly white, even though the Metropolitan [PD] is predominately black. The Chicago FOP has no black officers on the executive leadership team."

275

Sat, 20 Jun 2020 00:21:56 +0000

“Throughout American history, police have gravitated to right-wing, law-and- order politicians and ethnocentric groups… The FOP [Fraternal Order of Police] has a racially fraught history.” & “[FOP] lodge density is associated with a… swing from Romney to Trump."

274

Sat, 20 Jun 2020 00:11:02 +0000

“Police unions have fought to shield their members from public scrutiny and legal accountability. And police unions repeatedly have rallied behind politicians hostile to criminal justice reform, racial justice, and labor rights.” [Proposes more nuanced discussion of unions]

273

Fri, 19 Jun 2020 20:46:16 +0000

“As with the All Lives Matter narrative, Blue Lives Matter sought to construct [BLM] as selfish and ungrateful for the protections police courageously provide them.” & “With few exceptions, these counter narratives framed those killed as at fault for their own deaths."

272

Fri, 19 Jun 2020 20:27:56 +0000

"[Homeless] participants… could not rely on the police for protection and support… Participants who identified as transgender and as youth of color in particular reported situations in which they believed they were targeted because of their intersecting identities."

271

Fri, 19 Jun 2020 20:14:09 +0000

When observing officer use of force, “Respondents who were exposed to a White defense eyewitness had a reduced odds of finding the defendant guilty of resisting arrest compared to respondents who were exposed to a Black eyewitness…"

270

Fri, 19 Jun 2020 19:59:06 +0000

“When officers received less sleep preceding each test session, they were significantly more likely to associate Black Americans with weapons compared with when they had received more sleep. In other words, sleep restriction appeared to increase anti-Black bias."

269

Fri, 19 Jun 2020 19:52:57 +0000

“Racial disparities are found at virtually every point of criminal justice processing… Implicit racial bias can manifest itself not only in the discretionary decision making of criminal justice system actors… but also in otherwise well-intentioned crime control laws."

268

Fri, 19 Jun 2020 19:45:53 +0000

267

Fri, 19 Jun 2020 19:17:08 +0000

“We present evidence that under the most conservative estimates, 40% of black people recently shot by police were shot during a stop in which they were not suspected of committing a violent crime."

266

Fri, 19 Jun 2020 18:48:47 +0000

“Fatal use of force against an unarmed, fleeing suspect is not justified under a constitutional test, or a benefit-cost test. Black people are disproportionately victims … of these unjust police shootings."

265

Fri, 19 Jun 2020 18:22:48 +0000

“In the 1960s… A new race-neutral language was evolving that appealed to old racist sentiments, and supporters found they could implement a new caste system by demanding ‘law and order’ as opposed to ‘segregation forever.'"

264

Fri, 19 Jun 2020 18:15:27 +0000

“For Black people, it does not matter if they are uneducated or have a PhD, they have a similar likelihood of being killed by police because of their Blackness."

263

Fri, 19 Jun 2020 18:10:04 +0000

“Denial of race or racial prejudice as a factor in such incidents functions to further instantiate white supremacy… [When] race is successfully denied, then structural racism need not be challenged or eradicated… Denial of racism is… ‘fundamental’ to its persistence."

262

Fri, 19 Jun 2020 17:30:10 +0000

“The excusability or justifiability of using lethal force… no longer apply once the victim is ‘down’ and obviously injured or disabled. The attitude underlying the officers' failure of concern… is precisely what the ‘Black Lives Matter’ slogan is meant to … challenge."

261

Fri, 19 Jun 2020 17:05:01 +0000

A devastating critique of LAPD’s explicitly racist measures to cease greater power and the many failed efforts to reform the department.

260

Thu, 18 Jun 2020 17:09:31 +0000

Historical context matters. A lot. Here’s a thread of about twenty studies on historical racial disparities.

259

Thu, 18 Jun 2020 17:06:49 +0000

258

Thu, 18 Jun 2020 16:48:57 +0000

“Asian, Black, and Latino students in this sample reported feeling less safe with the police in their communities. This trend was particularly pronounced for Black students… The presence of police in school was less likely to make … Black students feel safer at school."

257

Thu, 18 Jun 2020 16:38:25 +0000

“White owned bars with exactly the same license and inspection violations as minority owned bars were treated differently… [Despite] numerous… shootings… and fights… [white owned bars] had never been subject to the hyper-scrutiny [and] ongoing police surveillance."

256

Thu, 18 Jun 2020 16:02:43 +0000

“The Warrior officer may enter into encounters with low income, Black males with a mindset of control and an expectation of a lack of deference among the subject… The Warrior mindset could actually produce the lack of deference the officer expected."

255

Thu, 18 Jun 2020 15:39:27 +0000

“In the neutral context… participants shot an unarmed Black target more frequently than an unarmed White… In the dangerous context, bias was not significant … The reduction in bias was due to the fact that participants were predisposed to shoot everybody."

254

Thu, 18 Jun 2020 14:53:38 +0000

“These studies have demonstrated that the decision to shoot may be influenced by a target person’s ethnicity. In four studies, [non-police] participants showed a bias to shoot African American targets more rapidly and/or more frequently than White targets."

253

Thu, 18 Jun 2020 14:43:41 +0000

“I find significant, negative effects of police violence on the educational attainment of black and Hispanic students… Police killings may have large long-run effects on local communities."

252

Thu, 18 Jun 2020 14:29:28 +0000

“Having police in schools was associated with an additional arrest of 1.22 Black students, but only 0.38 White and 0.48 Hispanic students per 1,000… These findings may arise because school police… may be acting on their own implicit biases."

251

Thu, 18 Jun 2020 02:32:56 +0000

In a study of French police recruits, find that (1) police recruits were more prejudiced and authoritarian than non-police—a selection effect, and (2) officers with one year of training were more prejudiced than new recruits—a socialization effect.

250

Thu, 18 Jun 2020 02:21:55 +0000

“For all complaints to the [Chicago] PD, African-Americans are less likely to see their complaints sustained… For officers, male African-American officers are more likely to have complaints levied against them sustained."

249

Thu, 18 Jun 2020 01:53:06 +0000

Analyzing 7,000 protests, finds that police are more likely to intervene at anti-police protests than at similar protests with other themes.

248

Thu, 18 Jun 2020 01:08:49 +0000

“Racial profiling … is not new; more to the point, it is not gone… It corrodes relationships between police and communities, leaving people of color knowing that they have been treated unfairly and understandably resentful of police… It does nothing to fight crime."

247

Thu, 18 Jun 2020 01:02:52 +0000

“Officers… kill a substantial number of civilians who do not pose a lethal threat and these civilians are disproportionately people of color.” & “Nearly half of the time that an officer kills a civilian, the civilian is either unarmed or armed with a [less lethal] weapon."

246

Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:55:55 +0000

Of black civilians killed by police, 18% were killed because the officer inaccurately assumed that the victim had a gun. Such “errors” happen much less frequently with white citizens.

245

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 20:46:56 +0000

Finds citizens' compliance with specific police requests is highest when the officer is white and the citizen is black and lowest when the officer is black and the citizen is white.

244

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 20:31:31 +0000

“Whites tend to stereotype black individuals and neighborhoods as crime-prone … [and] tend to equate black neighborhoods with poverty and high crime rates and white neighborhoods with affluence and low crime rate without considering low-crime, affluent black communities."

243

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 20:24:59 +0000

242

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 20:03:54 +0000

“An analysis … found that 32% of black people killed by police in 2015 were unarmed, as were 25% of Hispanic and Latino people, compared with 15% of white people killed… The figures illustrate how disproportionately black Americans … are killed by police."

241

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 19:55:34 +0000

“OISs [Officer Involved Shootings] preceded by officer-initiated contacts are more likely to involve unarmed suspects than… e.g., call for service… Black OIS suspects are more likely to [be] stopped on the officer’s initiation than non-black OIS suspects."

240

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 19:41:22 +0000

“The minority threat hypothesis states that the greater the percent minority in a city, the greater the employment of coercive control strategies by the police. That hypothesis is clearly supported in this study.” & “We included control variables [for] violent crime rate."

239

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 19:05:15 +0000

Based on CDC data, “black people suffered over five times as many nonfatal injuries per capita from law enforcement as white people did cumulatively over the years 2001-2012."

238

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 18:26:06 +0000

More segregated cities see a much higher disparity in fatal police shootings, controlling for crime rates, income, city demographics, and other factors. A 1 s.d. increase in racial segregation increased “the ratio of Black to White fatal police shooting rates… by 44.4%"

237

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 18:07:05 +0000

Another thread dissecting that horribly hackish WSJ editorial and that irresponsibly reported “Harvard study."

236

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 17:55:07 +0000

“The physical and psychological harm the young Black men in our study witnessed and directly experienced as a result of actual and potential police violence clearly fit within DSM-5 conceptualizations of trauma."

235

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 17:45:06 +0000

“Similarities are presented throughout these cases of police violence… Police tried to justify their behavior by stating the victim looked suspicious. This suspicion the police refer to originates from stereotypes… created during the antebellum period to oppress Blacks."

234

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 17:34:35 +0000

No evident correlation between police killings and level of violence.

233

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 17:10:50 +0000

“Child abuse/interparental violence is significant in predicting officer stress and violence… Ironically, these negative early experiences may also influence the selection of law enforcement as a career for … individuals that may seek employment in a helping profession."

232

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 17:01:32 +0000

“Hence our proposal that law-enforcement–related deaths be a notifiable condition, reported in real time by medical and public health professionals… It is time that public health agencies exercise their ability to report … data on law-enforcement–related mortality."

231

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 16:47:04 +0000

“Female officers and same-gender female-female officer pairs generally use less force in police-citizen encounters than do their male counter-parts.” & “Officer injury might be more likely to occur when officers engage in [above-average use of force]."

230

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 16:34:08 +0000

“Rationale and intent to harm by an assailant in general assaults differs substantially from those of law enforcement personnel [yet] the severity of the injuries suffered by the patients in both groups are nearly identical, [despite police]… training to minimize harm."

229

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 16:21:13 +0000

“Whereas police fear seemingly triggers most police killings, some of them result from police officers deliberately putting themselves in situations where deadly force becomes reasonable or permissible.” & “Forms of racism are likely important [but not]… the whole story."

228

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 16:12:45 +0000

“65.3% [of emergency physicians] estimated recognising two or more cases of suspected excessive use of force [by police] per year among their patients.” & “EPs have legal responsibilities for reporting many types of assaultive injuries [but not] by police officers."

227

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 01:58:42 +0000

Priming experimental subjects with pictures of apes makes them perceive police violence against Black suspects as more justified than against white suspects. “Participants who were primed with apes thought that the police were more justified in beating the Black suspect."

226

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 01:44:26 +0000

“Police officers have been shown to possess implicit associations of race and crime and to exhibit spontaneous discriminatory behavior… There is little if any room for doubt that implicit stereotypes of race and crime influence police officers' decisions."

225

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 01:24:28 +0000

224

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 01:16:35 +0000

223

Wed, 17 Jun 2020 00:53:13 +0000

“While most of our respondents said that police occasionally spoke harshly to them, they reported that officers were more apt to direct demeaning and offensive language toward blacks. For example, black study participants said that officers frequently used racial slurs."

222

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 23:55:26 +0000

“Police stops could also involve psychological violence, typically in the form of name-calling, unnecessary physical threats, and … gratuitous prolonged discomfort… Participants reported that officers referred to their ‘black asses’ and called local women ‘bitches.'"

221

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 21:14:07 +0000

“Among those who had contact with the police, blacks (3.5%) were 2.5 times more likely than whites (1.4%) and 1.7 times more likely than Hispanics (2.1%) to experience the threat or use of nonfatal force."

220

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 21:07:31 +0000

“The number of deaths [by police] per million population among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic males were 2.8 and 1.7 times higher, respectively, than among White males… Fryer’s assessment of disparities in the use of lethal force was possible for only 1 city."

219

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 20:43:40 +0000

“Our results strongly suggest that officers are more likely to conduct a search if the race of the motorist differs from the race of the officer… Preference-based discrimination plays a substantial role in explaining differences in…[searches of] different racial groups."

218

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 18:21:26 +0000

(A better summary of the above paper)

217

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 18:19:06 +0000

“Our analysis can reconcile the distinction Fryer Jr. (2016) documents between lethal and non-lethal force against civilians…. Black civilians should be disproportionately subject to non-lethal force but not necessarily … [to] lethal encounters with police."

216

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 17:42:08 +0000

“Despite evidence of racial disparities … officers described operating under a neutral policy of ‘colorblindness.’ … Yet officers' thoughts and actions are based on racialized and, at times, dehumanizing narratives about people and communities of color."

215

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 16:53:59 +0000

"[Chicago] PD has tolerated racially discriminatory conduct that not only undermines police legitimacy, but also contributes to the pattern of unreasonable force… illegal and unconstitutional patterns of force on minority communities." – Department of Justice, 2017

214

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 16:50:14 +0000

“Compared with [police misconduct] allegations filed by white complainants, allegations from black complainants were 0.499 times less likely to be sustained. … Allegations made by [police] were sustained at a rate 21.6 times higher than allegations made by outsiders."

213

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 16:38:02 +0000

“This finding comports with prior LIH [“Legal Intervention Homicide” by police] research that finds that black Americans are not only disproportionately likely to be killed by law enforcement but are disproportionately unlikely to present an objective threat of deadly force”

212

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 16:26:51 +0000

211

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 16:12:13 +0000

“The police are viewed negatively, or at best neutrally, but never positively, by young women of color… Findings of our study also emphasize that perceptions of the police held by women of color are influenced both by personal and vicarious experiences of police behavior."

210

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 15:56:36 +0000

“Suspect resistance exerts the strongest effects on the odds of [police] force being used… We also observed statistically significant differences in the application of force by suspect age, sex, race, and mental illness—above and beyond the effects of resistance."

209

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 01:46:37 +0000

“Blue Lives Matter emphasizes that police officers are subject to violence from criminals. Shifting the vulnerability in this way suggests that police vulnerability trumps black vulnerability… it is a solipsistic ‘put the focus back on us’ move."

208

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 01:35:01 +0000

“Chicago police were 20 to 50 percent more likely to give sticker citations to vehicles parked in black neighborhoods compared to vehicles parked in non-black neighborhoods. The effect is robust to controls for annual employment levels and is not driven by … compliance."

207

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 01:17:39 +0000

206

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 01:07:42 +0000

“This study … found racial disparities in drug arrests for 152 out of 198 police departments in Pennsylvania."

205

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 00:58:10 +0000

The Supreme Court’s Strieff decision “fails to recognize how the opinion encourages dragnet policing, including racially targeted dragnet policing, without fear of liability, civil or otherwise."

204

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 00:40:34 +0000

“It can be tempting to equate racial disparities in policing with racist police officers and make the common mistake of singling out the ‘few bad apples’ … Rather than a problem that only a few police officers face … race affects the judgments and decisions we all make."

203

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 00:28:21 +0000

202

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 00:17:33 +0000

201

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 21:52:12 +0000

“As [a state’s] liberal population increased 1% point, the likelihood of Black police killings decreased at a rate of 3.700% (0.963)… as the size of the Black population increases across states, there is a subsequent decrease in police shootings at a rate of 16.500%."

200

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 21:34:05 +0000

“Police and law enforcement discrimination is common among Black [sexual minority men] as about 43% of participants reported it over the past year… Rates of police and law enforcement discrimination were … associated with both psychological distress and sexual HIV risk."

199

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 21:09:49 +0000

“The results in the current study demonstrate law enforcement contact among Black fathers have detrimental outcomes in familial relationships with their child’s mother… Police stops have a deleterious impact on familial relationships."

198

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 20:56:52 +0000

“Whites can possess a gun … and carry that gun freely without suspicion or scrutiny … a privilege not afforded to black and brown Americans even when the gun they possess is a toy, or more hauntingly, even when the thing they possess is a cell phone or wallet."

197

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 20:44:17 +0000

“Caucasians were not apprehensive of being harassed or wrongfully accused by police officers, but their African American counterparts were.” & “Accused are innocent until proven guilty; however, my findings revealed that participants perceived this as being the opposite."

196

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 17:02:10 +0000

“Police legitimacy and legal authoritarian attitudes significantly predicted [teachers'] belief that the Black student—but not the White student—should be punished [and] … are particularly likely to condone police violence if the victimized student is Black."

195

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 16:39:31 +0000

“We found no significant relationship between the racial identification of a suspect and … the likelihood that the suspect was caught… Our findings suggest that crime reports that include race can prime stereotypes linking Black people with crime."

194

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 16:31:17 +0000

193

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 14:38:55 +0000

“Those who… shared … the belief that racially disparate policing practices are a problem were substantially less likely to vote for Donald Trump… On the other side… support for the police was only associated with vote choice among those with high racial resentment."

192

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 14:23:54 +0000

191

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 14:10:39 +0000

8.3% of black women who experienced sexual violence “reported to formal reporting sources. These numbers are less than the national average that indicates one third of people aged 12 or older report sexual violence to the police.” Non-reporting corr. w/ “mistrust of police."

190

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 13:56:39 +0000

“The longstanding practice of deferring to the reasonableness of police officers’ expertise fails to effectively protect persons of color by allowing racial bias to influence an officer’s use of deadly force.” & “… [R]acial stereotypes [can] distort assessments of threat”

189

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 13:41:01 +0000

“Tabloid newspapers are notorious for stereotyping crime as a disproportionately African American problem.” & “It influences anyone who comes into contact with the screaming headlines and often provocative images, including law enforcement."

188

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 13:23:01 +0000

“Science proves that when people get racial cues, such as seeing black faces, we fill in blank spots with perceptions of fear…” & “When we train our officers that the possibility for deadly violence exists always … they will … begin to see it where it does not lie."

187

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 13:17:58 +0000

“Were the[y]… to protest, they risk being met with violent, racially disparate police responses … Racially biased policing in the United States thus forces…African Americans … to choose between their standing up for themselves and risking their personal safety."

186

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 13:10:23 +0000

Black and Latinx youth “expressed concerns about the way officers interacted with them during police encounters, citing the lack of respect as the primary issue, frequent harassment, feeling overpowered, fear, and an overall experience of being dehumanized during encounters”

185

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 11:40:59 +0000

“Although these numbers were small, white children with fractures of indeterminate origin were less likely to be reported to CPS [Child Protective Services]… Differential reporting of abuse to CPS by race was seen among toddlers with accidental and indeterminate injuries."

184

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 11:21:29 +0000

“While the majority of white respondents who read about a white victim blamed the officer (56.0%), white respondents who read a[n identical] story about an African American young man were almost 20 percentage points less likely to fault the officer (37.7%)."

183

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 11:06:41 +0000

"[Many] believe that black and brown youths buy, sell, and use drugs at a higher rate … when in fact youths of all races buy, sell, and use drugs at roughly the same rate and the disproportionate incarceration … owes to biases in legislation, policing, and sentencing"

182

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 01:17:34 +0000

“The race-based police stop is a primary gateway to police killings … The conformist model represented in prominent versions of The Talk … lowers the cost of the race-based stop, incentivizing race-based police stops of African Americans."

181

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 01:12:36 +0000

“The adverse effects of police violence on the physical and mental health of black people and the clear racial lines along which police violence occurs place it at odds with the overarching goal of public health."

180

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 01:09:35 +0000

179

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 00:40:09 +0000

“Severe racial disparities [are] often an inevitable result of of the tactics the police adopt.” & “When police are called to the scene they bring with them what they have been trained to do: deploy force and law. Yet, these are often the wrong responses to … a situation."

178

Mon, 15 Jun 2020 00:25:23 +0000

“White officers are 1.28 times more likely to use higher levels of force on Black civilians in Dallas [than on white civilians].” & “Officers use higher levels of force on civilians as officer years of service increase."

177

Sun, 14 Jun 2020 23:12:42 +0000

Black citizens prefer and view as more fair intersections regulated by red light cameras rather than intersections regulated by police officers when expecting white officers. Whites view police officers as more fair.

176

Sun, 14 Jun 2020 23:00:42 +0000

“A large majority of black residents, 66.9%, either somewhat or strongly agree that the local police abuse their power.” & “Even a majority of whites in the DC area agree that police treat blacks worse than whites."

175

Sun, 14 Jun 2020 22:47:20 +0000

[UK] “In this paper we have discussed a series of Bayesian tools for application to the UK Stop-and-Search database… We find conclusively that racial bias are present within stop-and-searches and provide a tool for analysing this at Force by Force basis."

174

Sun, 14 Jun 2020 22:41:08 +0000

“Whites, who make up 77.4% of the population, make up 50.7% of the individuals killed by police … And Blacks are killed while unarmed at an even higher rate: 25.8% … of Blacks killed by police in 2015 were unarmed, while that was true for only 17.9% of Whites."

173

Sun, 14 Jun 2020 22:35:47 +0000

“Grand jurors [must] contemplate the relevance of race in … the officer’s decision to kill… Correcting a colorblind vision also will help grand jurors to understand what is often cast as the evasive and uncooperative actions of the black victim of police violence."

172

Sun, 14 Jun 2020 22:25:41 +0000

“Profilers, whether they be police officers or lay citizens, invite the hand (and force) of law enforcement into a situation where there is no need for law enforcement… The object of the profiling—in this case African-Americans—are at the mercy of the officer’s judgment."

171

Sun, 14 Jun 2020 22:09:24 +0000

“People in the community used to think it was going to be great when Blacks and gays and women are in the force. [But they were] teaching that institutional loyalty over personal integrity. If people show moral courage, we don’t give them awards. We … call them ‘rats.'"

170

Sun, 14 Jun 2020 21:41:23 +0000

“Citizens of black neighborhoods were far less likely to report crimes to the police” & “Cooperation of neighborhood residents with law enforcement, including crime reporting, turns on how police use their authority, and how fair the exercise of their authority is perceived”

169

Sun, 14 Jun 2020 21:08:00 +0000

“If it is simply ‘driving while different’ that explains the attention given to minorities in majority White places, one would expect to find equal[] … police response for White people… in Black neighborhoods… Results imply bias that only runs… against Black people."

168

Sun, 14 Jun 2020 20:34:00 +0000

"[As of 2019], the intensive policing practices in poor Black communities show no sign of having been eased and have probably been reinstated in many places with federal support."

167

Sun, 14 Jun 2020 20:07:29 +0000

“A towering heap of studies suggest that US drug-control policies and practices are harmful, oppressive, or problematic, particularly for predominantly Black and Latinx communities."

166

Sun, 14 Jun 2020 19:58:21 +0000

“Data show discretionary stops by police in Connecticut (sometimes called pretext stops) are twice as high for Blacks than Whites with no scientific evidence or information to justify the difference in rates.” (Cato T. Laurencin @UConn)

165

Sun, 14 Jun 2020 19:50:29 +0000

“Black Americans were grossly over-represented in … Newark’s drug arrests. When controlling for legally relevant factors … Black arrests reflected racialized policing. … [and] increased in communities with greater White … populations."

164

Sun, 14 Jun 2020 19:40:58 +0000

“The initial approach of officers toward young Black males needs to reflect a nonoffensive tone of voice and language and a show of respect."

163

Sat, 13 Jun 2020 15:20:49 +0000

More evidence of health effects of racial bias and police violence.

162

Fri, 12 Jun 2020 20:56:43 +0000

“In each of the past four reports, we have found evidence that minority motorists are subject to searches much more frequently relative to their non-Hispanic White counterparts despite those searches being far less successful."

161

Fri, 12 Jun 2020 20:43:17 +0000

“Intertwined with the disparate treatment of same-sex couples is the issue of race. … All other racial combinations were less likely to result in dual arrest than those in which both parties were White. … police are taking incidents involving Whites more seriously."

160

Fri, 12 Jun 2020 20:33:53 +0000

“The findings here indicate a potential that [police] stereotype those they might encounter on the street. It is difficult … to determine if this finding confirms that respondents are either ‘profiling’ the person described in the vignette or experiencing implicit bias."

159

Fri, 12 Jun 2020 20:16:47 +0000

“Police killings of unarmed Black people are the tip of the iceberg."

158

Fri, 12 Jun 2020 15:49:27 +0000

“People hold subconscious beliefs that Black youth are perceived as adult-like, and Black male adults are subhuman, superhuman, criminal, and violent. … Police work attracts individuals with … high collective identity orientation, conformity and power values."

157

Fri, 12 Jun 2020 15:43:53 +0000

156

Fri, 12 Jun 2020 15:41:40 +0000

“The virtual absence of accounts of the police in the context of discussions of racial identity, or even discrimination, by White respondents underscores the gulf that separates Black and White Americans’ experiences of police encounters."

155

Fri, 12 Jun 2020 15:34:42 +0000

“The general non-indictment of law enforcement in the murders of unarmed African Americans provides resounding evidence that little personal accountability exists for these murders."

154

Thu, 11 Jun 2020 19:11:37 +0000

“Because Black officers are disproportionately called on to work beats in poor, high-crime, majority-Black neighbor-hoods, the ecology of their day-to-day work routines puts them at risk for becoming resentful or even hostile toward the residents."

153

Thu, 11 Jun 2020 17:48:19 +0000

We “should require white Americans to consider the consequences of summoning armed agents of the state to investigate black Americans, to think twice before making the phone call, and to assume the consequences of liability for weaponizing racial fear for frivolous reasons."

152

Thu, 11 Jun 2020 17:06:51 +0000

“This research qualitatively examines experiences with the police for 42 interracial mixed-status couples” and “The liability of a husband’s brownness transformed white citizen wives from seeing the police as helpers to harmers."

151

Thu, 11 Jun 2020 16:54:31 +0000

“Self-report surveys have indicated that hostility, violence, and criminality are commonly associated with Black Americans, even by egalitarian-minded White Americans.” and “Officers were more likely to incorrectly choose a Black target with more stereotypical features."

150

Thu, 11 Jun 2020 16:40:59 +0000

“The special issue seeks to better understand the range of factors that create and maintain police violence against racial and ethnic minorities and assess the aftermath of this harm. Taken together, these contributions provide … new recommendations, small and large."

149

Thu, 11 Jun 2020 16:25:32 +0000

“Contrary to our expectation, police stops involving black suspects are more likely to result in frisk, search, use of force and arrest in tracts with higher levels of black-white segregation."

148

Thu, 11 Jun 2020 16:10:05 +0000

“Interventions, such as inherent-bias training, aim to alter the way police officers interact with Black individuals. The empirical evidence … suggests that training and interventions that change the way police interact with Black neighborhoods are needed."

147

Thu, 11 Jun 2020 13:28:45 +0000

Thread on why academic studies (in econ and most other fields) are biased against finding racial bias.

146

Thu, 11 Jun 2020 02:31:00 +0000

“White support for spending on policing is driven by racial resentment and punitiveness across 3 nationally representative samples. Robust to controls for local crime and fear of crime."

145

Wed, 10 Jun 2020 20:02:42 +0000

“After controlling for a myriad of factors, it is clear that certain racial, gender, age, and class groups are much more heavily targeted [for vehicle searches] than others. Racially, black and Latinx drivers are targeted most heavily."

144

Wed, 10 Jun 2020 19:50:28 +0000

“Officers used neighborhood conditions and prior knowledge of problem areas to justify detaining otherwise law-abiding Black citizens.” and “The pronounced pattern of arbitrary pedestrian stops … is suggestive of racially biased policing."

143

Wed, 10 Jun 2020 19:40:27 +0000

“This finding reaffirms theories of colorblind and laissez-faire racism … and shows that a subset of Americans may be cloaking their concerns about the racial order behind a superficially nonracial support of the police."

142

Wed, 10 Jun 2020 19:34:07 +0000

“Enacting a primary enforcement seat belt law in South Carolina led to a larger relative increase in the number of stops to Black drivers beyond that experienced by White drivers."

141

Wed, 10 Jun 2020 19:00:18 +0000

Further, much of Fryer’s analysis relies on officers' self-reporting a suspect’s race. As @eluhper has convincingly shown for traffic stops in Texas, “misreporting was used effectively to evade detection of bias."

140

Wed, 10 Jun 2020 18:55:16 +0000

“A spurious association showing no bias precisely because there is bias.” @uri_sohn further explains by way of example the Fryer methodological issue.

139

Wed, 10 Jun 2020 18:51:30 +0000

(cont) “Replicating and extending … Fryer (2019), … the consequences of ignoring the selective process that generates police data are severe, leading analysts to dramatically underestimate or conceal entirely the differential police violence faced by civilians of color."

138

Wed, 10 Jun 2020 18:35:18 +0000

For those who don’t want to read the 136 papers above, @dean_c_knox, @conjugateprior, @jonmummolo

137

Wed, 10 Jun 2020 18:28:34 +0000

“Properly interpreted, … Fryer’s analysis is that the racial disparity in arrest rates is larger than the racial disparity in police shootings. This is an unsurprising finding, and proves neither a lack of bias nor … of systematic discrimination."

136

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 20:47:41 +0000

“These racial disparities resulted in approximately 61,000 more cases of police force against Black civilians … than would have occurred if Black civilians were treated identically to Whites, greater than the total number of Whites who were subjected to force."

135

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 20:42:11 +0000

“Black women are more likely to experience police use of force—including having a gun drawn on them—during a stop than White women, even after accounting for alternative explanations."

134

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 20:24:48 +0000

On implicit bias: “This process is a diffuse andlargely unconscious one. It does not require bigoted or mean-spirited officers. Nor does it require officers to even notice that they are stopping minorities at higher and unexplainable rates."

133

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 20:15:08 +0000

“The overwhelming majority of SWAT raids it studied were for … serving a search warrant in drug cases, not cases involving violence. [This] erodes public trust, particularly in communities of color, and turns what should be a peaceful encounter into a paramilitary raid."

132

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 20:06:56 +0000

“My study overcomes selection concerns by examining police officer behavior in automobile crash investigations… Officers issue significantly more citations to other-race drivers … the findings serve as decisive evidence of systematic racial bias by police officers."

131

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 18:26:35 +0000

“Victimisation by police appears to be widespread, inequitably distributed across demographic groups and psychologically impactful… Public health efforts … may be needed, particularly in disadvantaged urban communities."

130

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 16:55:10 +0000

“Gender nonconforming young women of color … appear to be disproportionately affected by exclusionary discipline policies and policing in schools… exacerbated by the cumulative institutional betrayals they endure."

129

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 16:32:14 +0000

"[I was] a public defender, as … [NYC] transformed [to] … zero-tolerance policing that was confined almost entirely to communities of color and vulnerable populations…" and “This policing favors the rich and disfavors … particularly poor people of color."

128

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 16:16:11 +0000

“Bias-based policing impacts all aspects of policing, and many feel that it should be considered the most serious problem facing law enforcement today… Administrators often fail to recognize the true problems behind bias-based policing and respond only to symptoms."

127

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 13:58:27 +0000

“Despite its label, the war on drugs is not a war waged on inanimate objects. It is a war waged on Black women, children, and men."

126

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 13:40:35 +0000

“Another example is … [the] phrase ‘quality of life,’ which is used to give a humanitarian gloss to … urban policing… One might well question exactly whose quality of life is being protected. Young people of color are among the most affected by [more] policing."

125

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 13:25:05 +0000

“Police appear less able to make refined distinctions in their perceptions of neighborhood youth. Police have particularly harsh feelings about youth in minority neighborhoods, describing them with a wide range of negative attributes."

124

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 13:17:25 +0000

“Pressure to conform to the organization … weighs heavily on black officers and affects their attitudes and ultimately their behavior. … We provide evidence that institutional factors, such as socialization, can reverse the benefits of passive representation."

123

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 12:54:37 +0000

122

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 01:51:08 +0000

“The racial impact of this form of drug law enforcement was known to police, prosecutors, and city and county officials for years, but no remedial changes were made despite some significant pressure along the way."

121

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 01:38:39 +0000

“Increasingly, racial boundaries are maintained through deployment of law enforcement to police racialized boundaries… While the racially restrictive covenant and … policing employ different strategies, the result … [is] Black exclusion from white-identified enclaves."

120

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 01:29:24 +0000

“While the adverse effects of stop-and-frisk on blacks and Hispanics are largely attributable to heavy use of the tactic in high-crime, predominately minority areas, there still appears to be an element of racial bias."

119

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 01:22:06 +0000

“At some point, the disparities become self-fulfilling as the increased rates of incarceration of minority people will result in increased offending … with disparities in imprisonment becoming a function of disparities in offending."

118

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 01:06:06 +0000

“Fram[ing] excessive force as a problem that derives from rogue police officers … obscures the structural dimensions of police violence and ignores … that conscious racial animosity likely accounts for a small percentage of racially-inflicted police conduct."

117

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 00:56:29 +0000

“The racial disparity that exists in prison sentencing is, for the most part, already in place at arrest. Therefore, research on the disproportionately high minority representation in prison should focus on understanding arrest practices by law enforcement."

116

Mon, 08 Jun 2020 20:55:16 +0000

“This numbers-driven system… leads to the intensification of existing inequities through differential police scrutiny… In 2010, 86 percent of those arrested in New York City for marijuana possession were black or Latino, but… whites use marijuana at higher rates."

115

Mon, 08 Jun 2020 20:41:54 +0000

“Whites’ fear of crime increase linearly as the relative size of the black population increases [which, for minority black areas, is then]… translated into additional police officers… These findings emerge net of a wide array of control variables."

114

Mon, 08 Jun 2020 20:20:03 +0000

“We report with confidence that the results are not mixed. Race matters… Holding all other situational factors constant, the arrest risk on average is 30 percent higher for racial minorities than for Whites."

113

Mon, 08 Jun 2020 18:59:31 +0000

“The Chicago case illustrates that predictive crime mapping does not incur more precise applications of police force but rather legitimizes the widespread criminalization of racialized districts."

112

Mon, 08 Jun 2020 18:26:45 +0000

“Each additional police killing of an unarmed black American was associated with 0.14 additional poor mental health days among black American respondents… Mental health impacts were not observed among white respondents."

111

Mon, 08 Jun 2020 18:19:28 +0000

“Militarized police units are more often deployed in areas with high concentrations of African Americans, even after adjusting for local crime rates and other community traits. But I find no firm evidence that SWAT teams lower an agency’s violent crime rate."

110

Mon, 08 Jun 2020 15:27:56 +0000

“Living in neighborhoods with large racial disparities in use of force is associated with an increased risk of illness."

109

Mon, 08 Jun 2020 14:56:21 +0000

“By comparing the punishments given to black and white… students who fight one another… We find that black and poor students are, in fact, punished more harshly than the students with whom they fight."

108

Mon, 08 Jun 2020 14:47:12 +0000

A one-tweet break from the thread. This one is for white allies and our need to confront implicit biases. Must read.

107

Mon, 08 Jun 2020 00:16:04 +0000

“Perhaps the individual police officers do not intend to discriminate. … The question of intent should be reframed. Do we as a nation intend to collectively consider the evidence, or will we exercise the collective intent to ignore the evidence?"

106

Mon, 08 Jun 2020 00:06:05 +0000

“Blacks are subject to much greater odds of search and therefore arrest. This is particularly true among men, and especially so among younger men. Further, the trends are growing, not disappearing, over time."

105

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 23:58:49 +0000

“As you think about the politics of police abolitionism, remember: Black America vs White America do not experience the same police."

104

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 23:58:24 +0000

“Black people in England and Wales were six times as likely to be stopped and searched by the police in comparison with their white counterparts.” and

103

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 23:49:35 +0000

“Schools are more likely to criminalize problem behaviors by students of color, with subsequent greater risk for involvement with the criminal justice system, while medicalizing problem behavior by students who are White."

102

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 23:48:54 +0000

101

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 23:11:54 +0000

“How the racial composition of schools shapes SROs' perceptions of threats."

100

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 20:31:49 +0000

“Over 70% of black and brown boys in our sample reported being hassled by police in the last 3 months."

99

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 18:34:08 +0000

“People of color receive more serious charges at the initial booking stage, reflecting decisions made by officers of the San Francisco Police Department."

98

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 18:28:07 +0000

“Police discretion enables officers to make decisions based partially on stereo-types and reputations, resulting in overselection of people of color in stops and arrests. In addition… White youth tend to receive more second chances [than] youth of color."

97

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 18:22:16 +0000

“For a sample of Syracuse Police stop data… The odds of a black driver being stopped (relative to nonblack drivers) increase 15% in daylight [when race is more easily observed] as compared to darkness."

96

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 18:15:58 +0000

“Cases involving African-American offenders and African-American victims were 3.9% less likely to be cleared than similar cases involving white victims and white offenders… Racial disparities in police clearance of violent criminal cases remain troublesome."

95

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 18:05:59 +0000

“Forty years after the seminal report by the 1967 President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, the black-white dichotomy remains one of the most prominent features of public sentiments toward and perceptions of the police."

94

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 18:00:11 +0000

“The research above highlights the potentially widespread effects of implicit racial biases in policing… [Police] may be more inclined to pay particular attention to non-White individuals when they are on patrol."

93

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 17:56:06 +0000

(thread describing forthcoming work):

92

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 17:51:22 +0000

“Instead of condemning all resistance, constitutional doctrine could and should protect certain forms of non-violent resistance both in police encounters and in later court proceedings. Embracing resistance could help … mitigate racial disparities in criminal justice."

91

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 17:45:41 +0000

“Black individuals face heightened risks of being the victims of police force, regardless of whether they actually pose a threat and even when officers are consciously egalitarian."

90

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 17:34:00 +0000

“Arrests and prosecutions in poor urban neighborhoods are cheaper for the government than arrests and prosecutions elsewhere."

89

Sat, 06 Jun 2020 20:44:38 +0000

“Does Race Matter for Police Use of Force? Evidence from 911 Calls”

88

Sat, 06 Jun 2020 20:44:17 +0000

“Scrutiny may induce law enforcement officers to purposefully misreport their interactions with citizens to appear less biased.” Finds 60% of troopers misreported a minority as white when a searched failed to yield any evidence of a crime.

87

Sat, 06 Jun 2020 20:20:03 +0000

“To fix our policing problem, we have to start with our racism problem."

86

Sat, 06 Jun 2020 20:15:13 +0000

“Rather than addressing those underlying conditions, … policy-makers have chosen to respond with a policy that [] stigmatizes minority residents, that has limited crime-control benefits, and that imposes large negative spillovers on disadvantaged neighborhoods."

85

Sat, 06 Jun 2020 20:03:24 +0000

“Agencies have historically been reluctant to make their use-of-force data public… Perhaps police leaders and politicians are concerned about the backlash that could result if their data uncover evidence of bias or excessive force."

84

Sat, 06 Jun 2020 19:55:49 +0000

“It appears that Minneapolis police were using race in deciding whom to stop, but that this does not have any connection with whom they decided to search."

83

Sat, 06 Jun 2020 19:46:45 +0000

“Beat cops generally show no evidence of SDT bias in our [simulated threat] task. The special-unit officers, however, showed robust bias."

82

Sat, 06 Jun 2020 19:19:16 +0000

“Persons of African and Hispanic descent were stopped more frequently than whites, even after controlling for precinct variability and race-specific estimates of crime participation."

81

Sat, 06 Jun 2020 18:03:40 +0000

Minority police officers “are less lenient. One plausible explanation for this is that these minority segments … feel the need to prove themselves to the largest (and culturally and administratively dominant) group in the police force, namely the white-male officers."

80

Sat, 06 Jun 2020 17:52:12 +0000

“Minority citizens may be exposed to a racial or ethnic ‘double jeopardy,’ whereby they are subjected to both unconstitutional stops and disparate rates of force during those stops."

79

Sat, 06 Jun 2020 17:48:01 +0000

“The burden of [Marijuana in Public View] arrest has been falling disproportionately on blacks and Hispanics and that members of these minority groups, on average, have been receiving harsher treatment within the criminal justice system."

78

Sat, 06 Jun 2020 17:37:48 +0000

“White police are, indeed, more racially resentful, more likely to see blacks as violent, and more likely to minimize anti-black discrimination than are white nonpolice."

77

Sat, 06 Jun 2020 17:35:05 +0000

A critique of Fryer: “If even a small subset of police have propensities to more frequently encounter black relative to white individuals, then analyses of pooled encounter-conditional data will fail to detect systemic anti-black racial disparities."

76

Sat, 06 Jun 2020 17:29:16 +0000

“Policing and racism have been mutually constitutive in the United States. … War on Drugs policing strategies… have created specific conditions conducive to police brutality targeting Black communities."

75

Sat, 06 Jun 2020 16:42:39 +0000

“Findings suggest neighborhood mobility, in and of itself, may not provide sufficient protection for blacks from the racialized policing and prosecutorial systems that have produced inequality in likelihood of incarceration."

74

Sat, 06 Jun 2020 16:36:02 +0000

“Negative stereotypes of African Americans contribute to whites' support for police use of excessive force."

73

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 21:58:46 +0000

“First, the repeated stopping of citizens is almost solely a Black experience. The concentration of motor vehicle stops across all citizens was completely driven by the concentration of those stops across Black citizens."

72

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 17:41:01 +0000

“In addition to the racial disparity in the numbers of children exposed to harmful school police practices, the nature of the harm is disproportionately severe and uniquely far-reaching for nonwhite students."

71

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 16:28:57 +0000

The authors find no disparities in the decision to “stop” as part of NY’s stop-and-frisk program, but “find suggestive evidence of police bias in the decision to frisk."

70

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 16:08:38 +0000

“While both high and low performing [Cincinnati officer] groups disproportionately stopped Black drivers, the low performing group had a significantly higher rate of racial disproportionality than the high performing group."

69

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 15:54:50 +0000

“Using street stops [as the denominator], black citizens were approximately 2.5 times as likely to be fatally shot in 2015 and 2016, and about 2.4 times as likely to be fatally shot in 2017."

68

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 15:48:21 +0000

“Disparities between blacks and whites are prominent in most [Vermont] jurisdictions, with blacks facing a higher probability of being stopped, of receiving harsher penalties, and of being arrested and searched."

67

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 15:42:09 +0000

“Differential policing and differential perceptions of the police may in turn be relevant to explaining crime differences between neighborhoods of different race/ethnic compositions… [and] further deteriorate the neighborhood’s capacity to address problems like crime."

66

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 15:36:42 +0000

“Police and peace officers need to be retrained to understand their own racial biases and formulate more equitable approaches to the treatment of individuals who they have not readily encountered during their upbringing."

65

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 15:24:58 +0000

“Studying race entails more than exposing moments of bias; it also entails examining which behaviors are criminalized, how broad discretionary powers reflect and reinforce racial power, … and why the rallying call to ‘law and order’ … in the post–civil rights era."

64

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 15:16:58 +0000

“Police used less force with highly stereotypical Whites, and this protective effect was stronger than the effect for non-Whites… Bias is a protective factor for Whites, but not for non-Whites."

63

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 15:12:13 +0000

“The use of arrest data as the denominator for racial profiling statistics was mostly popular among conservative journalists and pundits for a short time… Since a police ‘stop’ is often a precursor to an arrest, arrest records may be racially skewed."

62

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 15:07:12 +0000

[an older article, but feels relevant now] “Although police brutality heightened white sensitivity to specific kinds of police brutality … it did not lead more whites to conclude that racism is prevalent in America."

61

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 14:58:38 +0000

“Perceptions of racial profiling threaten to erode the legitimacy of the criminal, discouraging citizens from participation in the everyday interactions with police that contribute to crime control and public safety. “

60

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 14:53:54 +0000

More than 2/3 of Black police officers* report being racially profiled with “dark-skinned” officers reporting even higher percentages.*

59

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 14:47:26 +0000

“Police were more likely to use physical force against Black and Hispanic males not in custody compared to White non-custodial males, even after controlling for citizen resistance and other theoretically important factors."

58

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 14:45:24 +0000

“Although our results do indicate that racial unevenness is associated with the arrest disparities for ‘softer’ crimes such as drugs and weapons violations, it is not entirely clear whether this effect reflects implicit or explicit biases rooted in race, class, or [both]."

57

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 14:38:31 +0000

“The few studies that have controlled for the differential involvement of minorities in crime, or for race and crime at the neighborhood level, have found that stop, search, and arrest disparities for Blacks and Hispanics remain after crime rates are held constant."

56

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 13:36:51 +0000

An oft-cited methodological issue with Fryer and others’ “whites are shot more often” argument.

55

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 22:59:45 +0000

“After we found hundreds of police officers in racist and extremist groups on Facebook, we tried to get the worst offenders’ disciplinary records from police departments."

54

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 18:50:54 +0000

“Researchers say police de-escalation helps keep protests peaceful. Police keep using escalation techniques, anyway."

53

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 18:49:17 +0000

“Police brutality is of little concern for White respondents. Only 6.6% worry a lot. … By contrast, experiencing police brutality is a major concern … for nearly one-third of Blacks."

52

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 18:34:50 +0000

8 of the 10 off-duty officers killed by another officer due to mistaken identity were Black.

51

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 18:26:15 +0000

“Nonmoving stops are more discretionary and should be expected to be more prone to extralegal considerations on the part of officers. This expectation was generally supported as African American drivers were more likely to experience a nonmoving stop by local police."

50

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 18:07:31 +0000

“Our investigation uncovered direct evidence of racial bias in the communications of influential Ferguson [PD] decision makers… The content of these communications is unequivocally derogatory,dehumanizing, and demonstrative of impermissible bias.” - DOJ

49

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 18:03:44 +0000

“Some have argued that this overrepresentation of youth of color in the justice system is simply a result of those youths committing more crimes … a true analysis is much more complicated … about two-thirds of the studies … showed negative ‘race effects.'"

48

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 17:57:34 +0000

Minority defendants are much more likely to be wrongly convicted. “90% of all exonerated juvenile defendants were black or Hispanic, an extreme disparity."

47

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 17:45:26 +0000

“Using data from The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, logistic regression analyses indicated that darker skin tone significantly increased the odds of suspension for African American adolescents."

46

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 17:37:07 +0000

“The vast majority of killings of whites are committed by other whites, contrary to some folk wisdom … but killings of black males by white people are labeled justifiable more than eight times as often as others."

45

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 17:30:35 +0000

“Police homicide risk is higher than suggested by official data. Black and Latino men are at higher risk for death than are White men, and these disparities vary markedly across place."

44

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 17:22:19 +0000

“Policing, police departments, and individual police officers have a long history of reinforcing the boundaries of race” and “Racial comparisons of police trust thus miss the larger story of legal estrangement emanating in part from racial segregation."

43

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 16:41:59 +0000

Whether police label an area as “high crime” has more to do with its racial composition than its crime rate.

42

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 16:35:02 +0000

"[W]hile we do not find evidence of racial discrimination in the application of enhancements, they do act to pronounce the already large disparities in sentencing."

41

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 16:26:58 +0000

More police contact associated with higher levels of anxiety, trauma, and PTSD. “The burden of police contact in each of these cities falls predominantly on young black and Latino males."

40

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 01:50:58 +0000

“Pleas attorneys felt they could obtain with a minority client contained higher sentences than those they felt they could obtain with a Caucasian client and were significantly more likely to include some jail time. Reasons … were not due to increased perceptions of guilt."

39

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 01:45:19 +0000

“This paper substantial evidence of racial disparities in justifiable homicide determinations… In addition, the recent expansion of Stand Your Ground laws in two dozen states appears to worsen the disparity."

38

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 01:28:27 +0000

“Black boys are seen as older and less innocent … than do their White same-age peers. Further, … the Black/ape association predicted actual racial disparities in police violence toward children."

37

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 01:22:16 +0000

“Simply bringing to mind a Black (vs. White) juvenile offender led participants to view juveniles in general as significantly more similar to adults in their inherent culpability and to express more support for severe sentencing."

36

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 01:05:19 +0000

“Race shaped people’s mistakes. They falsely claimed to see a gun more often when the face was black than when it was white. Under the pressure of a split-second decision, the readiness to see a weapon became an actual false claim of seeing a weapon."

35

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 00:54:34 +0000

“Responses to the simulation revealed that upon initial exposure to the program, the officers were more likely to mistakenly shoot unarmed Black compared with unarmed White suspects. However, after extensive training … the officers were able to eliminate this bias."

34

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 00:52:12 +0000

Negative views of black people correlated with officers “shooting unarmed Black suspects on a shooting simulation… Officers with positive contact with Black people in their personal lives were particularly able to eliminate these biases with training on the simulation."

33

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 00:41:35 +0000

“Milwaukee’s neighborhoods, especially residents of black neighborhoods, were far less likely to report crime after [Frank] Jude’s beating was broadcast. The effect lasted for over a year and resulted in a total net loss of approximately 22,200 calls for service."

32

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 00:23:49 +0000

“When officers were given no information other than a face and when they were explicitly directed to make judgments of criminality, race played a significant role in how those judgments were made."

31

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 00:12:42 +0000

“Racial disparities in [Kansas City] police stops are concentrated in investigatory vehicle stops… The overwhelming majority of people stopped in this way are innocent, and the experience causes psychological harm and erodes trust in and cooperation with the police."

30

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 00:00:19 +0000

“Presence of female officers during pedestrian stops in the City of Seattle reduces racial/ethnic and male-female disparities in the probability of being frisked by police."

29

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 21:57:40 +0000

“Black and Hispanic complainants are much less likely to have their allegations of police misconduct sustained. Black complainants are 4.2 times more likely that their misconduct allegation will culminate in the exoneration of the police officer."

28

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 21:56:09 +0000

“Results revealed that Black (vs. White) people were more likely to be frisked, searched, arrested, and have force used against them. Critically, these racial disparities were more pronounced for people stopped in groups (vs. alone)."

27

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 21:52:33 +0000

“Black citizens were more likely than white citizens to be shot at when comparing the known race/ethnicity of citizens who discharged firearms against officers in California” (but fatalities were not significantly different nationally).

26

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 21:40:15 +0000

“Officers’ accounts excuse, justify, or otherwise negate the role of race in routine police work, yet officers’ thoughts and actions are based on racialized and, at times, dehumanizing narratives about people and communities of color."

25

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 21:36:54 +0000

“The bar for searching black and Hispanic drivers was lower than that for searching white drivers."

24

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 19:47:16 +0000

“stop-and-frisk reduced turnout among registered voters in midterm and mayoral elections… Black, male, and older citizens were the most strongly demobilized by stop-and-frisk."

23

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 19:33:51 +0000

“Our analyses indicate that the [Tampa] PD’s bicycle enforcement did not produce a community benefit in terms of crime reduction but did burden individual bicyclists, particularly Black bicyclists."

22

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 19:19:17 +0000

“Police stop fewer black drivers at night when a ‘veil of darkness’ obscures their race."

21

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 19:09:20 +0000

“The police tend to concentrate on factors that have little to do with the presence of drugs in a car. Most importantly, the police focus on African American men and Hispanic men despite the fact that white men, and even white women, are more apt to have drugs in the car."

20

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 19:05:29 +0000

“Blacks/Latinos were significantly more likely to have been arrested and incarcerated [but] There were no significant differences in a circumscribed set illegal behaviors (i.e., sex for money or drugs, selling drugs) by race."

19

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 19:02:37 +0000

Philadelphia police “may be using a lower bar for reasonable suspicion in their decisions to frisk Black residents… The proportion Black in an area was significantly associated with heightened odds of a person being subjected to an unproductive frisk."

18

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 19:00:37 +0000

Repeated unjustified encounters with police “correlates with dimmer views of law enforcement and [may lead to] … police avoidance, or help-seeking behavior in the context of criminal victimization."

17

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 18:56:03 +0000

16

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 18:41:53 +0000

15

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 18:35:08 +0000

“African-American males are up to 8% more likely to receive a frisk during a traffic stop when compared to an equivalent Caucasian driver."

14

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 18:25:39 +0000

Strict enforcement of drug laws, especially against Blacks, disrupts employment, increases marginalization, and increases crime rates.

13

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 18:13:34 +0000

12

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 18:06:17 +0000

“Both Black and Latino suspects received higher levels of police force earlier in interactions… When Black and Latino suspects resisted, they received significantly more force than when White suspects resisted."

11

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 18:02:31 +0000

Black and Hispanic men that police officers perceive as “very large… had the greatest odds of having force used upon them."

10

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 17:48:46 +0000

“Individuals living in a neighborhood where a greater proportion of black or Latino stops involve force … are more likely to perceive their own health as poor/fair, to be diagnosed with diabetes and high blood pressure, and to be overweight/obese."

9

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 17:41:46 +0000

“Incidents of extreme violence against police officers can lead to periods of substantially increased racial disparities in the use of police force."

8

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 17:38:33 +0000

“The targeting of [marijuana] enforcement efforts toward blacks and Hispanics is dramatically out of proportion to national statistics that suggest comparable usage rates across racial groups."

7

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 17:34:22 +0000

“We study speeding tickets and the choice of officers to discount drivers to a speed right below an onerous punishment… racial bias is due to 20% of officers."

6

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 17:29:57 +0000

“The dramatic increase in stop activity in recent years is concentrated predominantly in minority neighborhoods … based on the neighborhoods in which they live rather than the crime problems in those areas."

5

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 17:22:21 +0000

“Blacks and Hispanics are more than 50 percent more likely to experience some form of force in interactions with police."

4

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 17:15:57 +0000

“Indeed, we found that when Whites were exposed to a ‘Blacker’ prison population, they became significantly more fearful of crime, which, in turn, increased their support of punitive crime policies."

3

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 17:06:49 +0000

“We find a fairly large race disparity in local police officer stops and a very small one in highway patrol stops … it is difficult for the highway patrol to identify the race of drivers because cars are moving at fairly high speeds."

2

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 17:03:44 +0000

“We observe racial disparities in officer respect even in police utterances from the initial 5% of an interaction, suggesting that officers speak differently to community members of different races even before the driver has had the opportunity to say much at all."

1

Wed, 03 Jun 2020 17:01:15 +0000